東方朔與揚雄－傳統知識分子「朝隱」的兩種典型

Dongfang Shuo vs. Yang Xiong: Two Types of Traditional Intellectuals Who Sought "Reclusion in the Court" (Chao yin)

10.6281/NTUCL.2007.27.02

方介(Fang Chieh)

朝隱 ； 素餐 ； 狂者 ； 狷者 ； 倡優 ； reclusion in the court chaoyin ； hold a sinecure position sucan ； overact one's true self kuang ； underact one's true self juan ； court jester

臺大中文學報

27期（2007 / 12 / 01）

33 - 70

繁體中文

東方朔與揚雄皆是西漢專制帝王統治之下，位卑不遇的文人，然而，身處衰世的揚雄，對於出處進退的思考，已與盛世的東方朔不盡相同，而他在《法言》中對東方朔「朝隱」問題的評論，也反映了二人思想、言行與人生型態之差異。因此，本文特就二人生平、著作加以考察，指出東方朔詼諧滑稽，以狂者之姿縱橫於武帝盛世朝堂之上，傲弄公卿，戲謔天子，雖有用世之心，一再伺機進諫，卻見視如倡，無法得到重用。揚雄沈靜寡言，以狷者之姿，仕於成帝至王莽之衰世，不預政爭，埋首著述，卻被迫投閣、美新，成爲笑柄。他們都遇上了難以擺脫的困境，而不免「降志辱身」，受到輕視與譏嘲，但，終究保全了性命，也成就了盛名，使「道」得以彰顯於言行、著述中。因此，後人也往往寄予同情、共鳴，而把他們視爲「朝隱」的典範，有所取法。透過此一探究，當可對傳統知識分子「朝隱」的問題，有更深入的省思。

Dongfang Shuo and Yang Xiong were both intellectuals who served in the Western Han Dynasty as low ranking officials. Yet in terms of the way they behaved in political life, Yang, who lived at a time when the Dynasty was in decline, was different from Dongfang, who lived during the heyday of the Dynasty. Yang's comment in Fa Yan (Words of Measure) on Dongfang's ”reclusion in the court” (chaoyin) reflects precisely such difference in their thought and behavior. This paper examines their lives and writings and points out that Dongfang appeared in a comic guise in the court of Emperor Wu. He concealed his true self by ”overacting” and making fun of the emperor and officials. Although he tried to stimulate the emperor into thoughtful reflection, he was simply treated as a court jester and never truly appreciated. In contrast, Yang kept his opinions to himself and concealed his true self by ”underacting” during the reigns of Emperor Cheng and Wang Mang. He stayed out of political struggles and focused on his writings, yet he was still forced to leap off a tower and sing the praise of the Xin Dynasty, for which he was ridiculed by later intellectuals. Both Dongfang and Yang faced predicaments that brought them humiliation. However, they were able to stay alive and eventually enjoyed great fame by expressing the ”tao” in their words and writings. For this reason, they are seen as models of ”eclusion in the court”. By examining their experiences, we gain a deeper understanding into this chaoyin phenomenon which was unique to traditional Chinese intellectuals.

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