题名 |
有鬼有物-韓愈〈原鬼〉及相關詩文探析 |
并列篇名 |
Ghosts Exist, as Do Strange Creatures: Reevaluating Han Yu's "Yuan Gui" and Related Writings |
DOI |
10.6281/NTUCL.2010.32.07 |
作者 |
方介(Jie Fang) |
关键词 |
鬼神 ; 物怪 ; 儒教 ; 佛教 ; 道教 ; spirits ; strange creatures ; Confucianism ; Buddhism ; Daoism |
期刊名称 |
臺大中文學報 |
卷期/出版年月 |
32期(2010 / 06 / 01) |
页次 |
255 - 297 |
内容语文 |
繁體中文 |
中文摘要 |
韓愈〈原鬼〉一文,歷來論者不多,其較著者,如北宋釋契嵩謂「鬼何必原?」而責其「悖先王之道」、「昧乎孔子之意」;南宋朱熹亦責其「不知鬼神之本,只是在外說個影子」,可見評價不高。然而,這樣的評價是否公允?恐非三言兩語所能斷定。因此,本文首論〈原鬼〉主旨與立說背景,指出〈原鬼〉、〈原道〉皆爲「明先王之道」,不使「夷狄之法」加之「先王之教」之上而作。〈原鬼〉謂「有鬼、有物」,即本儒家傳統而來,並且有取於《墨子》。其次再據其他詩文指出:韓愈斥佛爲「夷鬼」,斥道教之神仙爲「物怪」並請出儒教所敬奉之天地神祗監臨其上。他對天地鬼神充滿敬意,對民間崇信的嶽神、水神,也祭拜如儀。在他筆下,不時有鬼怪出現,但,無論是莊言或戲言,都能不失儒者矩矱,可以明道、立教、闢佛。最後再針對後人相關評論加以檢討,指出韓愈重申儒教鬼神觀以闢佛、道二教,已爲宋儒開先,且對朱熹有啓迪之功。他雖「只是在外說個影子」,卻極「近人」、極富感染力,能使數百年來飽受異端衝擊的儒教鬼神觀重受矚目,並發揚於宋儒之手,吾人應予更高評價。 |
英文摘要 |
Not many people have discussed Han Yu's article ”Yuan Gui” [On Ghosts]. Among the few that have, one better known is the Northern Song Dynasty Buddhist monk Qi Song, who asked, ”Why discuss ghosts?” and blamed Han Yu for ”straying from the former kings' path” and ”parting from Confucius' teaching.” In the Southern Song, Zhu Xi also criticized Han Yu for ”not understanding the truth about ghosts and spirits, but only talking about their reflections.” Clearly traditional opinion has not been kind to ”Yuan Gui,” yet I question the fairness of such critique. In this paper, I first lay out the purpose and background of ”Yuan Gui,” pointing out that this and Han Yu's other article ”Yuan Dao” [On Dao] were both written to ”clarify the Dao of former kings”, and to ”prevent foreign ideas from superseding the teachings of former kings.” ”Yuan Dao” states that ”ghosts and strange creatures both exist”-an idea that derives from Confucianism and the teachings of Mozi. Next, I point out that Han Yu denigrates the Buddha as a ”foreign ghost,” and the Daoist spirits as ”strange creatures”. He furthermore places the Confucian deities above Buddhist and Daoist spirits. He venerates the spirits of Heaven and Earth, and pays respect to the mountain and river gods of folk religion. He writes of spirits in earnest and in jest, but always within the boundaries of Confucianism; his writings aim to point out and teach the right path (Dao), and to critique Buddhism. Lastly, I review the literature on ”Yuan Dao,” and show that Han Yu led the Song Confucians, including Zhu Xi, by using Confucian ideas on spirits to critique Buddhism and Daoism. He may have been only ”talking about their reflections,” but his writings were humanistic and persuasive enough to revive the Confucian notions of spirits. Therefore his ”Yuan Dao” deserves a more favorable review. |
主题分类 |
人文學 >
語言學 人文學 > 中國文學 |
参考文献 |
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被引用次数 |
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