「萬死一生真功夫」：試論王龍溪理想的「後天誠意」之功

"A Real Practice of Surviving Great Perils": An Exploration of Achievements on the Ideal "Posteriori Sincerity" of Wang Longxi

10.6281/NTUCL.202312_(83).0003

張美娟(Chang, Mei-Chuan)

王龍溪 ； 後天誠意 ； 萬死一生 ； 苦與樂 ； 欲根 ； Wang Longxi ； posteriori sincerity ； surviving great perils ； suffering and happiness ； root of desire

臺大中文學報

83期（2023 / 12 / 01）

99+101 - 144

繁體中文;英文

作為宋明理學重要一支的陽明學，在工夫論上向來分為「先天正心」與「後天誠意」兩種類型。而王陽明大弟子－王龍溪，往往被視為提倡「先天正心」工夫的代表。雖然已有學者指出，龍溪仍然相當重視中下根人的「後天誠意之學」。但是，關於此一工夫詳實內涵，至今學界仍未予充份正視。本文寫作主旨，便在嘗試回應此一工夫內容。經研究，龍溪有一套理想的「後天誠意」之功，其可用龍溪所謂「從烈火中急烹猛煉」稱之，亦可用羅念庵〈冬遊記〉記載的「萬死一生真功夫」名之。這樣的工夫法門，強調的是作為「樂是心之本體」的良知本心，能在「萬死一生」的欲根「大苦」中，產生一股不願被苦痛壓住的力量，出萬死於一生，並在大苦徹悟中，自作徹底掃蕩欲根的致知工夫。本文進一步討論此功夫提倡的具體例證與影響、特色與意義，期為陽明後學工夫論研究，略獻拾遺補闕之作用。

As an important branch of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, Yangming Studies has always been divided into "innate righteousness" and "posteriori sincerity" in terms of Kung Fu theory (theory of moral practice). Wang Longxi, the great disciple of Wang Yangming, is often regarded as the advocate of the Kung Fu of "innate righteous mind." Although some scholars have pointed out that Longxi still attaches great importance to the "study of posteriori sincerity" of people with middle and lower roots, the academic circle has not yet fully paid attention to the thorough and detailed connotations of this Kung Fu. The purpose of this article is to try to respond to this content of moral practice. Research has indicated that a set of achievements on the ideal "posteriori sincerity" of Longxi can be called "quickly tempered with raging fire" as Longxi calls it, or "a real moral practice of surviving great perils" recorded in Luo Nianan's "Winter travels." Such a gate to enlightenment in Kung Fu emphasizes that the conscience and the original mind as "happiness is the essence of mind" can generate a force not suppressed by pain amid "great suffering" of the desire root to "surviving great perils." To survive great perils and being in the enlightenment of great suffering, it made efforts towards the "zhì zhi gong fu" to completely eliminate the root of desire. This article further discusses the specific examples and influence, characteristics and significance of this Kung Fu promotion, in the hope of giving a brief introduction to make good omissions and deficiencies for studies on Kung Fu theory of Wang Yangming's followers.