影響唸詞速度的是詞頻而非習得年齡：童年詞頻的角色

Word Frequency, Not Age of Acquisition, Affects Word Naming: The Role of Childhood Frequency

10.6129/CJP.2006.4802.03

許瑛珍(Jane Y. J. Hsu)

詞頻 ； 習得年齡 ； 念詞作業 ； word frequency ； age of acquisition ； word naming

中華心理學刊

48卷2期（2006 / 06 / 01）

151 - 162

繁體中文

本論文以兩個實驗，驗證習得年齡(AoA)與詞頻對唸詞速度的影響。使用的詞頻，除了成人詞頻以外，還包括計算自國小課本出現次數的兒童詞頻。不同於一般利用主觀評量所獲得的AoA，本實驗的AoA為該詞實際出現在國小課本年級的真正習得年齡。實驗一是以成年詞頻作為分組與配對依據，其中早習得－低頻詞有兩組材料，一為低兒童詞頻(CL)，一為高兒童詞頻(CH)。結果顯示：CL材料組的AoA與詞頻都有效果，但無交互作用；CH材料組，AoA與詞頻都有效果，並有顯著的交互作用；在低頻組的AoA效果，CH組比CL組大許多(36 vs. 19 ms)。實驗二改以兒童詞頻和成人詞頻之和，作為分組與配對依據。結果顯示，不論兒童詞頻與成人詞頻分配是採單純或混合方式，兩組材料的AoA效果都消失不見，只剩下顯著的詞頻效果。本研究結果意涵，過去相關研究常見的AoA效果，有可能是未適當控制兒童詞頻，為兒童詞頻效果的假象。

Two experiments were conducted to assess the importance of age-of-acquisition (AoA) and frequency in a word naming task. In addition to adulthood-frequency, childhood-frequency calculated from elementary textbooks of participants was used. A real age-of-acquisition was taken to be the age at which the word was first read on the textbook. In Experiment 1, the traditional adulthood-frequency was used for grouping and matching and two different word sets of early-acquired, low-frequency was chosen by their childhood-frequency to be low (CL) or high (CH). With CL words, both AoA and frequency effects had independent effects but no effect of interaction. With CH words, both AoA and frequency effects had independent effects and a significant interaction effect was also found. The AoA effect in low frequency was actually larger for CH words than for CL words (36 vs. 19 ms). In Experiment 2, the sum of childhood-frequency and adulthood-frequency was used for grouping and matching. A significant frequency effect was found but no AoA effect on either mixed or pure word sets once the total frequency was controlled. These results implicated that previous reports of effect of AoA on word-naming speed might be artifactual, being due to a confounding of AoA with childhoodfrequency.

1. Barry, C.,Morrison, C. M.,Ellis, A. W.(1997).Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency and name agreement.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.
2. Brown, G. D. A.,Watson, F. L.(1987).First in, first out: Word learning age and spoken word frequency as predictors of word familiarity and word naming latency.Memory and Cognition.
3. Brysbaert, M.,Lange, M.,Van Wijnendaele, I.(2000).The effects of age-of-acquisition and frequency-of-occurrence in visual word recognition: Further evidence from the Dutch language.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,12,65-85.
4. Brysbaert, M.,Van Wijnendaele, I.,De Deyne, S.(2000).Age-of-acquisition effects in semantic processing tasks.Acta Psychologica.
5. Dewhurst, S. A.,Hitch, G. J.,Barry, C.(1998).Separate effects of word frequency and age of acquisition in recognition and recall.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
6. Ellis, A. W.,Lambon Ralph, M. A.(2000).Age-ofacquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing systems: Insights from connectionist networks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
7. Ellis, A. W.,Morrison, C. M.(1998).Real age-ofacquisition effects in lexical retrieval.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
8. Gerhand, S.,Barry, C(1999).Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task.Memory and Cognition.
9. Gerhand, S.,Barry, C.(1998).Word frequency effects in oral reading are not merely age-of-acquisition effects in disguise.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
10. Gerhand, S.,Barry,C.(1999).Age-of-acquisition and frequency effects in speeded word naming.Cognition.
11. Ghyselinck, M.,Custers, R.,Brysbaert, M.(2004).The effect of age of acquisition in visual word processing: Further evidence for the semantic hypothesis.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
12. Ghyselinck, M.,Lewis, M. B.,Brysbaert, M.(2004).Age of acquisition and the cumulative-frequency hypothesis: A review of the literature and a new multi-task investigation.Acta Psychologica.
13. Juhasz, B. J.(2005).Age of acquisotion effects in word and picture identification.Psychological Bulletin.
14. Kremin, H.,Hamerel, M.,Dordain, M.,De Wilde, M.(2000).Age of acquisition and name agreement as predictors of mean response latencies in picture naming of French adults.Brain and Language.
15. Lewis, M. B.(1999).Age-of acqusition in face categoristion: is there an instance-based account?.Cognition.
16. Lewis, M. B.,Gerhand, S.,Ellis, H. D.(2001).Reevaluating age-of-acquisition effects: Are they simply cumulative-frequency effects?.Cognition.
17. Masterson, J.,Druks, J.(1998).Description of a set of 164 nouns and 102 verbs matched for printed word frequency, familiarity and age-of-acquisition.Journal of Neurolinguistics,11,331-354.
18. Monaghan, J.,Ellis, A. W.(2002).What exactly interacts with spelling-sound consistency in word naming?.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,28,183-206.
19. Morrison, C. M.,Chappell, T. D.,Ellis, A. W.(1997).Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,50A,528-559.
20. Morrison, C. M.,Ellis, A.W.,Quinlan, P. T.(1992).Age of acquisition, not word frequency, affects object naming, not object recognition.Memory and Cognition.
21. Morrison, G. M.,Ellis, A. W.(1995).Roles of word frequency and age of acquisition in word naming and lexical decision.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,21,116-133.
22. Turner, J. E.,Valentine, T.,EIlis, A. W.(1998).Contrasting effects of age of acquisition and word frequency on auditory and visual lexical decision.Memory and Cognition.
23. Yamazaki, M.,Ellis, A. W.,Morrison, C. M.,Lambon Ralph, M. A.(1997).Two age of acquisition effects in the reading of Japanese Kanji British.Journal of Psychology,88,407-421.
24. Zevin, J. D.,Seidenberg, M. S.(2002).Age of acquisition effects in word reading and other tasks.Journal of Memory and Language,47,1-29.
25. 吳瑞屯、劉英茂(1987)。中文字詞語音、語音屬性的研究中文字詞語音、語音屬性的研究,國科會研究報告。