题名

Neural Mechanisms of Implicit Visual Probability Learning

并列篇名

內隱性視覺機率學習的神經機制

DOI

10.6129/CJP.2012.5401.07

作者

曾祥非(Philip Tseng)；喬慧燕(Hui-Yan Chiau)；劉嘉倫(Chia-Lun Liu)；徐慈妤(Tzu-Yu Hsu)；張期富(Chi-Fu Chang)；趙長懋(Chang-Mao Chao)；梁偉光(Wei-Kuang Liang)；阮啟弘(Chi-Hung Juan)

关键词

可預測性 ； 視覺注意力 ； 眼球運動 ； 跨顱磁刺激 ； 機率 ； visual attention ； probability ； predictability ； eye movements ； transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

期刊名称

中華心理學刊

卷期/出版年月

54卷1期（2012 / 03 / 01）

页次

115 - 131

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

在視線所及之處，預測性訊息無所不在。這些訊息預告著隨即發生的事件機率及可能性，讓視覺系統得以事先準備，並用最有效的狀態反應。這類事先獲取資料訊息的內隱性處理過程，在諸多研究領域中已受到許多行為證據支持證明（如：空間、時序、抽象機率）。近來，神經生理學也試著去了解這些學習過程背後的神經機制。其結果顯示額葉及頂葉網絡和內側顳葉佔有不可或缺的角色。本文欲回顧探討此類學習歷程在視覺注意力及眼球運動控制層面上的各項證據，並檢視現今研究之結果，以探討其神經機制。此研究議題所涉及之腦區包含額葉眼動區、輔助眼動區、後頂葉皮質及內側顳葉。總結各項發現，上述區域對於機率學習在視覺注意力及眼球運動控制的表現上皆有其關鍵且獨特的重要角色。
英文摘要

Predictive information exists ubiquitously in the visual environment. Such information signals the probability or likelihood of upcoming events, thus facilitating the visual system in preparing optimal responses in advance. This ability of the visual system to implicitly acquire predictive and probabilistic information has been well documented by behavioral evidence from many domains (e.g., spatial, temporal, and abstract probability). Recently, neurophysiological studies have begun to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying these learning processes and suggest a critical involvement of the fronto-parietal network and medial temporal lobe. In this paper we review evidence for such learning at the visual attention and oculomotor control levels. We also review some of the studies that delineate the neural substrates that contribute to probability learning at both levels: including the frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, posterior parietal cortex, and medial temporal lobe. Together, each of these regions provides a unique and critical contribution to probability learning in visual attention and oculomotor control.
主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
参考文献
  1. Aggleton, J. P.,Brown, M. W.(1999).Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis.Behavioral and Brain Science,22,425-444.
  2. Amador, N.,Schlag-Rey, M.,Schlag, J.(2004).Primate antisaccade. II. Supplementary eye field neuronal activity predicts correct performance.Journal of Neurophysiology,91,1672-1689.
  3. Andersen, R. A.,Essick, G. K.,Siegel, R. M.(1985).Encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons.Science,230,456-458.
  4. Basso, M. A.,Wurtz, R. H.(1998).Modulation of neuronal activity in superior colliculus by changes in target probability.The Journal of Neuroscience,18,7519-7534.
  5. Basso, M. A.,Wurtz, R. H.(1997).Modulation of neuronal activity by target uncertainty.Nature,389,66-69.
  6. Bichot, N. P.,Schall, J. D.(2002).Priming in macaque frontal cortex during popout visual search: Feature-based facilitation and location-based inhibition of return.The Journal of Neuroscience,22,4675-4685.
  7. Brown, M. R. G.,Vilis, T.,Everling, S.(2007).Frontoparietal activation with preparation for antisaccades.Journal of Neurophysiology,98,1751-1762.
  8. Chambers, C. D.,Payne, J. M.,Stokes, M. G.,Mattingley, J. B.(2004).Fast and slow parietal pathways mediate spatial attention.Nature Neuroscience,7,217-218.
  9. Chao, C.-M.,Tseng, P.,Hsu, T.-Y.,Su, J.-H.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Hung, D. L.(2011).Predictability of saccadic behaviors is modified by transcranial magnetic stimulation over human posterior parietal cortex.Human Brain Mapping,32,1961-1972.
  10. Chen, L. L.,Wise, S. P.(1995).Neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field during acquisition of conditional oculomotor associations.Journal of Neurophysiology,73,1101-1121.
  11. Chiau, H.-Y.,Tseng, P.,Su, J.-H.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Hung, D. L.,Muggleton, N. G.(2011).Trial type probability modulates the cost of antisaccades.Journal of Neurophysiology,106,515-526.
  12. Chun, M. M.(2000).Contextual cueing of visual attention.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,4,170-178.
  13. Chun, M. M.,Jiang, Y.(2003).Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology,29,224-234.
  14. Chun, M. M.,Jiang, Y.(1998).Contextual cueing: Implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention.Cognitive Psychology,36,28-71.
  15. Chun, M. M.,Phelps, E. A.(1999).Memory deficits for implicit contextual information in amnesic subjects with hippocampal damage.Nature Neuroscience,2,844-847.
  16. Cohen, N. J.,Squire, L. R.(1980).Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that.Science,210,207-210.
  17. Connolly, J. D.,Goodale, M. A.,Goltz, H. C.,Munoz, D. P.(2005).fMRI activation in the human frontal eye field is correlated with saccadic reaction time.Journal of Neurophysiology,94,605-611.
  18. Connolly, J. D.,Goodale, M. A.,Menon, R. S.,Munoz, D. P.(2002).Human fMRI evidence for the neural correlates of preparatory set.Nature Neuroscience,5,1345-1352.
  19. Constantinidis, C.,Steinmetz, M. A.(2005).Posterior parietal cortex automatically encodes the location of salient stimuli.The Journal of Neuroscience,25,233-238.
  20. Curtis, C. E.,D''Esposito, M.(2003).Success and failure suppressing reflexive behavior.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,15,409-418.
  21. Degonda, N.,Mondadori, C. R. A.,Bosshardt, S.,Schmidt, C. F.,Boesiger, P.,Nitsch, R. M.(2005).Implicit associative learning engages the hippocampus and interacts with explicit associative learning.Neuron,46,505-520.
  22. Dobbins, I. G.,Han, S.(2006).Cue- versus probe-dependent prefrontal cortex activity during contextual remembering.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,18,1439-1452.
  23. Dorris, M. C.,Munoz, D. P.(1998).Saccadic probability influences motor preparation signals and time to saccadic initiation.The Journal of Neuroscience,18,7015-7026.
  24. Dorris, M. C.,Paré, M.,Munoz, D. P.(2000).Immediate neural plasticity shapes motor performance.The Journal of Neuroscience,20,RC52.
  25. Dorris, M. C.,Paré, M.,Munoz, D. P.(1997).Neuronal activity in monkey superior colliculus related to the initiation of saccadic eye movements.The Journal of Neuroscience,17,8566-8579.
  26. Duarte, A.,Ranganath, C.,Knight, R. T.(2005).Effects of unilateral prefrontal lesions on familiarity, recollection, and source memory.The Journal of Neuroscience,25,8333-8337.
  27. Eichenbaum, H.(1999).Conscious awareness, memory and the hippocampus.Nature Neuroscience,2,775-776.
  28. Eichenbaum, H.,Otto, T.,Cohen, N. J.(1994).Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system.Behavioral and Brain Science,17,449-472.
  29. Ellison, A.,Cowey, A.(2006).TMS can reveal contrasting functions of the dorsal and ventral visual processing streams.Experimental Brain Research,175,618-625.
  30. Ellison, A.,Rushworth, M.,Walsh, V.(2003).The parietal cortex in visual search: A visuomotor hypothesis.Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology,56,321-330.
  31. Everling, S.,Fischer, B.(1998).The antisaccade: A review of basic research and clinical studies.Neuropsychologia,36,885-899.
  32. Everling, S.,Krappmann, P.,Flohr, H.(1997).Cortical potentials preceding pro- and antisaccades in man.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,102,356-362.
  33. Everling, S.,Munoz, D. P.(2000).Neuronal correlates for preparatory set associated with pro-saccades and anti-saccades in the primate frontal eye field.The Journal of Neuroscience,20,387-400.
  34. Farrell, S.,Ludwig, C. J. H.,Ellis, L. A.,Gilchrist, I. D.(2009).Influence of environmental statistics on inhibition of saccadic return.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,107,929-934.
  35. Fera, F.,Weickert, T. W.,Goldberg, T. E.,Tessitore, A.,Hariri, A.,Das, S.(2005).Neural mechanisms underlying probabilistic category learning in normal aging.The Journal of Neuroscience,25,11340-11348.
  36. Fernandez-Duque, D.,Grossi, G.,Thornton, I. M.,Neville, H. J.(2003).Representation of change: Separate electrophysiological markers of attention, awareness, and implicit processing.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,15,491-507.
  37. Fiser, J.,Aslin, R. N.(2001).Unsupervised statistical learning of higher-order spatial structures from visual scenes.Psychological Science,12,499-504.
  38. Fiser, J.,Berkes, P.,Orbán, G.,Lengyel, M.(2010).Statistically optimal perception and learning: From behavior to neural representations.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,14,119-130.
  39. Gazzaniga, M. S.(Ed.)(2004).The cognitive neurosciences III.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
  40. Geng, J. J.,Behrmann, M.(2005).Spatial probability as an attentional cue in visual search.Perception & Psychophysics,67,1252-1268.
  41. Gottlieb, J. P.,Kusunoki, M.,Goldberg, M. E.(1998).The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex.Nature,391,481-484.
  42. Greene, A. J.,Gross, W. L.,Elsinger, C. L.,Rao, S. M.(2007).Hippocampal differentiation without recognition: An fMRI analysis of the contextual cueing task.Learning & Memory,14,548-553.
  43. Hanes, D. P.,Schall, J. D.(1996).Neural control of voluntary movement initiation.Science,274,427-430.
  44. Hannula, D. E.,Ranganath, C.(2009).The eyes have it: Hippocampal activity predicts expression of memory in eye movements.Neuron,63,592-599.
  45. Heilman, K. M.,Van Den Abell, T.(1980).Right hemisphere dominance for attention: The mechanism underlying hemispheric asymmetries of inattention (neglect).Neurology,30,327-330.
  46. Juan, C.-H.,Muggleton, N. G.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Hung, D. L.,Cowey, A.,Walsh, V.(2008).Segregation of visual selection and saccades in human frontal eye fields.Cerebral Cortex,18,2410-2415.
  47. Juan, C.-H.,Shorter-Jacobi, S. M.,Schall, J. D.(2004).Dissociation of spatial attention and saccade preparation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,101,15541-15544.
  48. Konen, C. S.,Kleiser, R.,Wittsack, H.-J.,Bremmer, F.,Seitz, R. J.(2004).The encoding of saccadic eye movements within human posterior parietal cortex.NeuroImage,22,304-314.
  49. Koval, M. J.,Ford, K. A.,Everling, S.(2004).Effect of stimulus probability on anti-saccade error rates.Experimental Brain Research,159,268-272.
  50. Kristjánsson, A.(2007).Saccade landing point selection and the competition account of pro- and antisaccade generation: The involvement of visual attention - A review.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,48,97-113.
  51. Kristjánsson, A.,Chen, Y.,Nakayama, K.(2001).Less attention is more in the preparation of antisaccades, but not prosaccades.Nature Neuroscience,4,1037-1042.
  52. Kristjánsson, A.,Vandenbroucke, M. W.,Driver, J.(2004).When pros become cons for anti- versus prosaccades: Factors with opposite or common effects on different saccade types.Experimental Brain Research,155,231-244.
  53. Kunar, M. A.,Flusberg, S.,Horowitz, T. S.,Wolfe, J. M.(2007).Does contextual cuing guide the deployment of attention?.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,33,816-828.
  54. Liu, C.-L.,Chiau, H.-Y.,Tseng, P.,Hung, D. L.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Muggleton, N. G.(2010).Antisaccade cost is modulated by contextual experience of location probability.Journal of Neurophysiology,103,1438-1447.
  55. Liu, C.-L.,Tseng, P.,Chiau, H.-Y.,Liang, W.-K.,Hung, D. L.,Tzeng, O. J. L.(2011).The location probability effects of saccade reaction times are modulated in the frontal eye fields but not in the supplementary eye field.Cerebral Cortex,21,1416-1425.
  56. Luck, S. J.,Hillyard, S. A.(1995).The role of attention in feature detection and conjunction discrimination: An electrophysiological analysis.International Journal of Neuroscience,80,281-297.
  57. Manoach, D. S.,Thakkar, K. N.,Cain, M. S.,Polli, F. E.,Edelman, J. A.,Fischl, B.(2007).Neural activity is modulated by trial history: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of a previous antisaccade.The Journal of Neuroscience,27,1791-1798.
  58. McSorley, E.,Haggard, P.,Walker, R.(2009).The spatial and temporal shape of oculomotor inhibition.Vision Research,49,608-614.
  59. Merriam, E. P.,Genovese, C. R.,Colby, C. L.(2003).Spatial updating in human parietal cortex.Neuron,39,361-373.
  60. Mesulam, M. M.(1981).A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect.Annals of neurology,10,309-325.
  61. Mevorach, C.,Humphreys, G. W.,Shalev, L.(2006).Opposite biases in salience-based selection for the left and right posterior parietal cortex.Nature Neuroscience,9,740-742.
  62. Miller, J.(1988).Components of the location probability effect in visual search tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,14,453-471.
  63. Morris, A. P.,Chambers, C. D.,Mattingley, J. B.(2007).Parietal stimulation destabilizes spatial updating across saccadic eye movements.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,104,9069-9074.
  64. Moscovitch, M.(1995).Recovered consciousness: A hypothesis concerning modularity and episodic memory.Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology,17,276-290.
  65. Munoz, D. P.,Everling, S.(2004).Look away: The anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement.Nature Review Neuroscience,5,218-228.
  66. Neider, M. B.,Zelinsky, G. J.(2006).Scene context guides eye movements during visual search.Vision Research,46,614-621.
  67. Nobre, A. C.,Sebestyen, G. N.,Gitelman, D. R.,Mesulam, M. M.,Frackowiak, R. S.,Frith, C. D.(1997).Functional localization of the system for visuospatial attention using positron emission tomography.Brain,120,515-533.
  68. Nyffeler, T.,Rivaud-Pechoux, S.,Wattiez, N.,Gaymard, B.(2008).Involvement of the supplementary eye field in oculomotor predictive behavior.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20,1583-1594.
  69. Olk, B.,Kingstone, A.(2003).Why are antisaccades slower than prosaccades? A novel finding using a new paradigm.Neuroreport,14,151-155.
  70. Olson, C. R.,Gettner, S. N.(2002).Neuronal activity related to rule and conflict in macaque supplementary eye field.Physiology & Behavior,77,663-670.
  71. Park, H.,Quinlan, J.,Thornton, E.,Reder, L. M.(2004).The effect of midazolam on visual search: Implications for understanding amnesia.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,101,17879-17883.
  72. Peterson, M. S.,Kramer, A. F.(2001).Attentional guidance of the eyes by contextual information and abrupt onsets.Perception & Psychophysics,63,1239-1249.
  73. Poldrack, R. A.,Prabhakaran, V.,Seger, C. A.,Gabrieli, J. D. E.(1999).Striatal activation during acquisition of a cognitive skill.Neuropsychology,13,564-574.
  74. Reber, A. S.(1969).Transfer of syntactic structure in synthetic languages.Journal of Experimental Psychology,81,115-119.
  75. Reber, A. S.(1967).Implicit learning of artificial grammars.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,6,855-863.
  76. Rockland, K. S.(Ed.),Kaas, J. H.(Ed.),Peters, A.(Ed.)(1997).Cerebral cortex: Extrastriate cortex in primates.New York:Plenum Press.
  77. Roesch, M. R.,Olson, C. R.(2003).Impact of expected reward on neuronal activity in prefrontal cortex, frontal and supplementary eye fields and premotor cortex.Journal of Neurophysiology,90,1766-1789.
  78. Rushby, J. A.,Vercammen, A.,Loo, C.,Short, B.,Weickert, C. S.,Weickert, T. W.(2011).Frontal and parietal contributions to probabilistic association learning.Cerebral Cortex,21,1879-1888.
  79. Sato, T. R.,Schall, J. D.(2003).Effects of stimulus-response compatibility on neural selection in frontal eye field.Neuron,38(4),637-648.
  80. Schall, J. D.,Morel, A.,Kaas, J. H.(1993).Topography of supplementary eye field afferents to frontal eye field in macaque: Implications for mapping between saccade coordinate systems.Visual Neuroscience,10,385-393.
  81. Schankin, A.,Schubö, A.(2009).Cognitive processes facilitated by contextual cueing: Evidence from event-related brain potentials.Psychophysiology,46,668-679.
  82. Schenkluhn, B.,Ruff, C. C.,Heinen, K.,Chambers, C. D.(2008).Parietal stimulation decouples spatial and feature-based attention.Journal of Neuroscience,28,11106-11110.
  83. Schlag-Rey, M.,Amador, N.,Sanchez, H.,Schlag, J.(1997).Antisaccade performance predicted by neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field.Nature,390,398-401.
  84. Shook, B. L.,Schlag-Rey, M.,Schlag, J.(1990).Primate supplementary eye field: I. Comparative aspects of mesencephalic and pontine connections.Journal of Comparative Neurology,301,618-642.
  85. Squire, L. R.,Stark, C. E. R.,Clark, R. E.(2004).The medial temporal lobe.Annual Review Neuroscience,27,279-306.
  86. Stuphorn, V.,Brown, J. W.,Schall, J. D.(2010).Role of supplementary eye field in saccade initiation: Executive, not direct, control.Journal of Neurophysiology,103,801-816.
  87. Stuphorn, V.,Schall, J. D.(2006).Executive control of countermanding saccades by the supplementary eye field.Nature Neuroscience,9,925-931.
  88. Todd, J. J.,Marois, R.(2004).Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex.Nature,428,751-754.
  89. Todd, J. J.,Marois, R.(2005).Posterior parietal cortex activity predicts individual differences in visual short-term memory capacity.Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience,5,144-155.
  90. Toth, L. J.,Assad, J. A.(2002).Dynamic coding of behaviourally relevant stimuli in parietal cortex.Nature,415,165-168.
  91. Tseng, P.,Hsu, T.-Y.,Muggleton, N. G.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Hung, D. L.,Juan, C.-H.(2010).Posterior parietal cortex mediates encoding and maintenance processes in change blindness.Neuropsychologia,48,1063-1070.
  92. Tseng, P.,Hsu, T.-Y.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Hung, D. L.,Juan, C.-H.(2011).Probabilities in implicit learning.Perception,40,822-829.
  93. Tulving, E.,Schacter, D. L.(1990).Priming and human memory systems.Science,247,301-306.
  94. Walker, R.,McSorley, E.,Haggard, P.(2006).The control of saccade trajectories: Direction of curvature depends on prior knowledge of target location and saccade latency.Perception & Psychophysics,68,129-138.
  95. Weickert, T. W.,Goldberg, T. E.,Callicott, J. H.,Chen, Q.,Apud, J. A.,Das, S.(2009).Neural correlates of probabilistic category learning in patients with schizophrenia.The Journal of Neuroscience,29,1244-1254.
  96. Yang, T.,Shadlen, M. N.(2007).Probabilistic reasoning by neurons.Nature,447,1075-1080.
  97. Yonelinas, A. P.(2002).The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research.Journal of Memory & Language,46,441-517.
print cancel