尋求再保證：憂鬱的人際互動模式與中文版尋求再保證量表之編製研究

Reassurance-Seeking: Interpersonal Model of Depression and Psychometric Validation of the Chinese Reassurance Seeking Scale in Taiwan

10.6129/CJP.2012.5402.01

黃天豪(Tien-Hao Huang)；陳淑惠(Sue-Huei Chen)

人際模式 ； 他人反應 ； 尋求再保證 ； 憂鬱 ； depression ； interpersonal theory ； reassurance-seeking ； responses of others

中華心理學刊

54卷2期（2012 / 06 / 01）

133 - 148

繁體中文

Coyne（1976b）的憂鬱人際模式描繪著一個透過與周遭他人的互動而影響憂鬱的循環系統。該系統假設憂鬱個體的症狀會引發他人的負向情緒與拒絕，而他人如此的反應則會返身維持／增強個體的憂鬱。Joiner、Alfano及Metalsky自1992年透過一系列的研究，提出「尋求再保證」乃此憂鬱人際循環模式的核心，並將尋求再保證的變項角色由原先「調節」憂鬱的維持因子，轉為「促發」憂鬱的脆弱因子。整理過往文獻，發現「尋求再保證」的測量工具在概念區分性及題目數量上都未盡理想，故本論文包括兩個子研究，研究一建立具有信效度的中文版尋求再保證量表；研究二以前瞻式的研究取向，檢驗尋求再保證對憂鬱的促發作用，也作為本工具的效度檢驗策略。結果發現，中文版尋求再保證量表具有良好的內部一致性、再測信度、效標關連效度與因素效度；尋求再保證確為憂鬱的脆弱因子，當搭配壓力，可透過他人負向反應的中介來促發憂鬱症狀。

Coyne (1976b) proposed an interpersonal theory of depression to portrait the nature of the interaction between the depressed individual and her/his significant others. Such interaction will eventually produce an interpersonal space where depressed symptoms will elicit negative emotions and rejection from others. More importantly, it is assumed that these perceived rejections from others would in turn lead to the maintenance and/or deterioration of depressive symptoms in depressive individual. Joiner, Alfano, and Metalsky (1992) further postulated that reassurance-seeking serves as a core element in the interpersonal theory of depression. To demonstrate their theory, Joiner and his colleague have completed a series of research since 1992 on this topic and mainly found that reassurance-seeking not only serves to ”moderate” the effects of depression, but also plays as a ”vulnerability” role of depression. However, after a more thorough review of related literature, it is found that the item number and conception of the measure tool still need more clarifications and refinement. Therefore, two studies were conducted to examine: (1) the psychometric properties of the Chinese Reassurance-Seeking Scale (CRSS) including its factor structure, reliability and validity; (2) the contributory effects of reassurance-seeking on depression. Study 1 reported that the CRSS yielded satisfactory psychometric properties and demonstrated that reassurance-seeking is a reasonably cohesive, replicable, and valid construct. Study 2, by using a prospective research design in a group of initially symptom-free participants, showed that reassurance-seeking could predict future depression in response to stress and the predictive path was mediated by perceived negative responses from others. The finding is supportive to the vulnerability/contribution hypothesis of reassurance-seeking.

1. 涂珮瓊、許文耀(2008)。反芻的多向度對大學生負向情緒變化之影響。中華心理學刊，50，271-287。
   連結：
2. 許文耀、陳明輝(2004)。社區自殺企圖者的預測因子。臨床心理學刊，1，40-48。
   連結：
3. 葉在庭(2003)。焦慮與憂鬱情緒現象之探討─檢驗情緒三領域模式。中華心理衛生學刊，16，87-111。
   連結：
4. 鄧閔鴻、張素凰(2006)。廣泛性焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患共病現象的階層病理模式。中華心理學刊，48，203-218。
   連結：
5. Metalsky, G. I., Joiner, T. E., Potthoff, J., Pacha, L., Alfano M. S., & Hardin, T. (1991). The depressive interpersonal relationships inventory. Unpublished manuscript..
6. Beck, A. T.(1964).Thinking and depression: II. Theory and therapy.Archive of General Psychiatry,10,561-571.
7. Beck, A. T.(1967).Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects.New York:Hoeber Medical Division.
8. Beck, A. T.,Rush, A. J.,Shaw, B. F.,Emery, G.(1979).Cognitive therapy of depression.New York:Guilford Press.
9. Beck, A. T.,Steer, R. A.,Carbin, M. G.(1988).Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation.Clinical Psychology Review,8,77-100.
10. Blatt, S. J.,Zuroff, D. C.(1992).Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression.Clinical Psychology Review,12,527-562.
11. Cohen, J.(Ed.),Cohen, P.(Ed.)(1983).Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
12. Cohen, S.,Kessler, R. C.,Gordon, L. U.(1995).Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorders.Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists,New York:
13. Coyne, J. C.(1976).Depression and the response of others.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,85,186-193.
14. Coyne, J. C.(1976).Toward an interactional description of depression.Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes,39,28-40.
15. Davila, J.(1999).Exploring alternative explanations for the association between depression and excessive reassurance-seeking.Psychological Inquiry,10,285-287.
16. Fabrigar, L. R.,Wegener, D. T.,MacCallum, R. C.,Strahan, E. J.(1999).Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.Psychological Methods,4,272-299.
17. Gorsuch, R. L.(1997).Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis.Journal of Personality Assessment,68,532-560.
18. Hammen, C.(1991).Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100,555-561.
19. Joiner, T. E., Jr.(1994).Covariance of baseline symptom scores in prediction of future symptom scores: A methodological note.Cognitive Therapy and Research,18,497-504.
20. Joiner, T. E., Jr.(1994).Contagious depression: Existence, specificity to depressed symptoms, and the role of reassurance seeking.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,67,287-296.
21. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Alfano, M. S.,Metalsky, G. I.(1992).When depression breeds contempt: Reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,101,165-173.
22. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Katz, J.,Lew, A.(1999).Harbingers of depressotypic reassurance seeking: Negative life events, increased anxiety, and decreased self-esteem.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,25,630-637.
23. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Metalsky, G. I.(1995).A prospective test of an integrative interpersonal theory of depression: A naturalistic study of college roommates.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69,778-788.
24. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Metalsky, G. I.(2001).Excessive reassurance seeking: Delineating a risk factor involved in the development of depressive symptoms.Psychological Science,12,371-378.
25. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Metalsky, G. I.,Katz, J.,Beach, S. R. H.(1999).Depression and excessive reassurance seeking.Psychological Inquiry,10,269-278.
26. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Metalsky, G. I.,Katz, J.,Beach, S. R. H.(1999).Be (re)assured: Excessive reassuranceseeking has (at least) some explanatory power regarding depression.Psychological Inquiry,10,305-308.
27. Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Schmidt, N. B.(1998).Reassuranceseeking predicts depressive but not anxious reactions to acute stress.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,107,533-537.
28. Joiner, T. E.,Metalsky, G. I.,Gencoz, F.,Gencoz, T.(2001).The relative specificity of excessive reassurance-seeking to depressive symptoms and diagnoses among clinical samples of adults and youth.Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment,23,35-41.
29. Joiner, T.,Coyne, J. C.,Blalock, J.(1999).On the interpersonal nature of depression: Overview and synthesis.The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches,Washington, DC:
30. Katz, J.,Beach, S. R. H.,Joiner, T. E., Jr.(1999).Contagious depression in dating couples.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,18,1-13.
31. Kendall, P. C.,Hollon, S. D.,Beck, A. T.,Hammen, C. L.,Ingram, R. E.(1987).Issue and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory.Cognitive Therapy and Research,11,289-299.
32. Marcus, D. K.,Nardone, M. E.(1992).Depression and interpersonal rejection.Clinical Psychology Review,12,433-449.
33. Potthoff, J. G.,Holahan, C. J.,Joiner, T. E., Jr.(1995).Reassurance seeking, stress generation, and depressive symptoms: An integrative model.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,68,664-670.
34. Preacher, K. J.,Rucker, D. D.,Hayes, A. F.(2007).Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, method, and prescriptions.Multivariate Behavior Research,42,185-227.
35. Shahar, G.,Joiner, T. E., Jr.,Zuroff, D. C.,Blatt, S. J.(2004).Personality, interpersonal behavior, and depression: Co-existence of stress-specific moderating and mediating effects.Personality and Individual Differences,36,1583-1596.
36. 王嘉寧、翁儷禎(2002)。探索性因素分析國內應用之評估：1993至1999。中華心理學刊，44，239-251。
37. 索科羅斯基、李維倫譯(2004)。現象學十四講。台北=Taipei:心靈工坊=PsyGarden。
38. 翁儷禎(1995)。因素分析應用之一覽。社會調查與分析：社會科學研究方法檢討與前瞻之一，台北=Taipei:
39. 翁儷禎(1998)。評定量表標示語之心理量尺值研究：頻率及同意度詞。中華心理學刊，40，73-86。
40. 陳淑惠(2003)。人、情、習性與本土心理治療─以憂鬱為例。第一屆本土心理治療研討會，花蓮市=Hualian:
41. 傅柯、劉北成譯、楊遠嬰譯(1992)。瘋癲與文明。台北=Taipei:桂冠圖書=Laureate。
42. 楊國樞(1997)。心理學研究的本土契合性及其相關問題。本土心理學研究，8，75-120。

1. 謝鎮群,楊甯婷,陳志賢(2021)。憂鬱限時動態對觀看者的情緒與人際影響－以Instagram為例。大仁學報，55，103-125。