The Predictability of Identity Importance and Identity Firmness to Depression: Developmental Changes across Adolescence

認同重要性及確定性對憂鬱之預測力：青少年期之發展改變

10.6129/CJP.20130406

陳坤虎(Kun-Hu Chen)；雷庚玲(Keng-Ling Lay)；吳英璋(En-Chang Wu)

形象認同 ； 社會認同 ； 青少年憂鬱 ； 個人認同 ； 認同重要性／確定性 ； adolescent depression ； identity importance/firmness ； image identity ； personal identity ； social identity

中華心理學刊

55卷2期（2013 / 06 / 01）

237 - 253

英文

自我認同不但是青少年期主要的發展要務，並為此階段心理病理的重要因子。過去研究已建立了「認同重要性」及「認同確定性」兩向度之測量工具的信、效度及每個向度中各認同內容（個人認同、社會認同、形象認同）之發展特性，並發現這些認同向度與心理適應有關。本研究進一步檢驗這兩個認同向度對不同發展次階段的青少年之憂鬱症狀的預測力，藉此捕捉青少年自我認同與心理適應之間隨發展演變的動態關係。本研究共收取青少年早期之國中生764名、青少年中期之高中生805名、青少年後期之大學生274名之有效樣本，進行認同重要性、認同確定性及憂鬱之評量。在排除性別差異後，先納入認同確定性、再納入認同重要性為預測變項進行階層迴歸分析，結果顯示，青少年早期之三項認同確定性（個人、社會、形象）及兩項認同重要性（社會、形象）皆可顯著預測憂鬱症狀。青少年中期之三項認同確定性及社會認同重要性可顯著預測憂鬱症狀。而在青少年晚期，僅個人認同確定性可顯著預測憂鬱症狀。綜言之，本研究顯示，認同確定性及認同重要性皆為預測青少年憂鬱的重要因子，唯隨著發展，三種認同內容之認同確定性及認同重要性與青少年憂鬱的關係展現出不同的面貌。

Erik Erikson (1950) postulated that identity formation plays a critical role in adolescent psychopathology. This study examined how two features of self-identity - namely, identity firmness, referring to the sense of sameness and continuity of self-identity, and identity importance, referring to the personal needs for defining oneself - are associated with depression across three substages of adolescence. A total of 764 junior high school students, 805 senior high school students, and 274 college students filled out questionnaires on identity importance, identity firmness, and depression. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that all three aspects of identity firmness (i.e., the personal, social, and image identity) and the social and image aspects of identity importance corresponded to depressive symptoms in the junior high school sample. All three aspects of identity firmness, but only the social aspect of identity importance, corresponded to depression in the senior high school sample. Only the personal aspect of identity firmness predicted depression in the college sample. This study concluded that, during early and middle adolescence, identity importance significantly explained the variance of depression above and beyond the effect of identity firmness, which has been consistently revealed in prior studies as a robust predictor for adolescent adjustment. The developmental changes of the relation between different aspects of identity importance/firmness and depression across adolescence were also discussed.

1. Chen, K.-H.,Lay, K.-L.,Soong, W.-T.,Wu, E.-C.(2011).The ecological validity of the construct of identity importance, identity firmness, and identity discrepancy: The therapeutic effect of the adolescent individual identity intervention program.Formosa Journal of Mental Health,24,549-582.
   連結：
2. Chen, K.-H.,Lay, K.-L.,Wu, E.-C.(2005).The development differences of identity content and exploration among adolescents of different stages.Chinese Journal of Psychology,47,249-268.
   連結：
3. Chen, K.-H.,Lay, K.-L.,Wu, E.-C.,Yao, G.(2007).Adolescent mental health and self-identity: The function of identity firmness, identity firmness, and identity discrepancy.Chinese Journal of Psychology,49,53-72.
   連結：
4. Achenbach, T. M.,Edelbrock, C. S.(1981).Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,46
5. Achenbach, T. M.,Howell, C. T.,Quay, H. C.,Conners, C. K.(1991).National survey of problems and competencies among four to sixteen year olds: Parents' reports for normative and clinical samples.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,56
6. Adams, G. R.,Gullotta, T. P.,Markstrom-Adams, C.(1994).Adolescent life experiences.Pacific Grove, CA:Brooks/Cole.
7. Adelson, J.(Ed.)(1980).Handbook of adolescent psychology.New York:Wiley.
8. Beardslee, W. R.(1989).The role of self-understanding in resilient individuals: The development of a perspective.The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,59,266-78.
9. Berzonsky, M. D.(1994).Self-identity: The relationship between process and content.Journal of Research in Personality,28,453-460.
10. Bosma, H. A.(Ed.),Graafsma, T. L. G.(Ed.),Grotevant, H. D.(Ed.),de Levita, D. L.(Ed.)(1994).Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
11. Campbell, J. D.(1990).Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,59,538-549.
12. Cheek, J. M.(1989).Identity orientations and selfinterpretation.Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions,New York:
13. Cheek, J. M.,Briggs, S. R.(1982).Self-consciousness and aspects of identity.Journal of Research in Personality,16,401-408.
14. Chen, K. -H.,Yao, G.(2010).Investigating adolescent health-related quality of life: From a self-identity perspective.Social Indicators Research,96,403-415.
15. Chen, K.-H.,Lay, K.-L.,Wu, E.-C.(2003).Sense of identity firmness and emotional disorder.3rd Congress of Asian Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions (ASCAPAP),Taipei, ROC:
16. Chen, K.-H.,Lay, K.-L.,Wu, E.-C.(2003).Sense of identity firmness and positive mental health.Second International Positive Psychology Summit,Washington, DC:
17. Damon, W.(Ed.)(1998).Handbook of child psychology.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
18. Damon, W.(Series Ed.),Lerner, R. M.(Series Ed.),Eisenberg, N.(Vol. Ed.)(2006).Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
19. Dollinger, S. J.,Preston, L. A.,O''Brien, S. P.,DiLalla, D. L.(1996).Individuality and relatedness of the self: An autophotographic study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71,1268-1278.
20. Elkind, D.(1967).Egocentrism in adolescence.Child Development,38,1025-1034.
21. Erikson, E. H.(1950).Childhood and society.New York:Norton.
22. Erikson, E. H.(1994).Identity: Youth and crisis.New York:Norton.
23. Erikson, E. H.(1950).Growth and crises of the "healthy personality".Symposium on the healthy personality,Oxford, UK:
24. Fleming, J. E.,Boyle, M. H.,Offord, D. R.(1993).The outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario child health study follow-up.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,32,28-33.
25. Flett, G. L.(Ed.),Hewitt, P. L.(Ed.)(2002).Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
26. Florian, V.,Mikulincer, M.,Taubman, O.(1995).Does hardiness contribute to mental health during a stressful real-life situation? The roles of appraisal and coping.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,68,687-695.
27. Friedman, R. J.(Ed.),Katy, M. M.(Ed.)(1974).The psychology of depression: Contemporary theories and research.New York:Wiley.
28. Garber, J.(Ed.),Dodge, K.(Ed.)(1991).The development of emotion regulation.New York:Cambridge University Press.
29. Ge, X.,Lorenz, F. O.,Conger, R. D.,Elder, G. H.,Simmons, R. L.(1994).Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence.Developmental Psychology,30,467-483.
30. George, T. P.,Hartmann, D. P.(1996).Friendship networks of unpopular, average, and popular children.Child Development,67,2301-2316.
31. Gladstone, T. R. G.,Beardslee, W. R.(2000).The prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: Current and future directions.Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy,14,9-23.
32. Gullotta, T. P.,Adams, G. R.(2005).Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems: Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment.New York:Springer.
33. Gullotta, T.(Ed.),Bloom, M.(Ed.)(2003).Encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion.New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
34. Hankin, B. L.,Abramson, L. Y.,Moffitt, T. E.,Silva, P. A.,McGee, R.,Angell, K. A.(1998).Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,107,128-140.
35. Harter, S.,Jackson, B. K.(1993).Young adolescents' perceptions of the link between low self-worth and depressed affect.The Journal of Early Adolescence,13,383-407.
36. Jessor, R.(Ed.)(1998).New perspectives on problem behaviors.New York:Cambridge University Press.
37. Joiner, T. E.(Ed.),Brown, J. S.(Ed.),Kistner, J.(Ed.)(2006).The Interpersonal, cognitive, and social nature of depression.Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.
38. Josselson, R.(1996).Revising herself: The story of women's identity from college to midlife.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
39. Kessler, R. C.,Avenevoli, S.,Merikangas, K. R.(2001).Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective.Society of Biological Psychiatry,49,1002-1014.
40. Kroger, J.(2000).Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
41. Lay, K. -L.(1999).The application of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory in helping children with psychological trauma after the 921 Chi-Chi earthquake.Formosa Journal of Mental Health,12,93-128.
42. Lerner, R. M.(Ed.),Steinberg, L.(Ed.)(2009).Handbook of adolescent psychology.New York:Wiley.
43. Lewinsohn, P. M.,Gotlib, L. H.,Seeley, J. R.(1997).Depression-related psychosocial variables: Are they specific to depression in adolescents?.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,106,365-375.
44. Lewis, H.(2003).Differences in ego identity among college students across age, ethnicity, and gender.Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research,3,159-189.
45. Luyckx, K.,Schwartz, S. J.,Berzonsky, M. D.,Soenens, B.,Vansteenkiste, M.,Smits, I.(2008).Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence.Journal of Research in Personality,42,58-82.
46. Luyckx, K.,Schwartz, S. J.,Goossens, L.,Pollock, S.(2008).Employment, sense of coherence, and identity formation: Contextual and psychological processes on the pathway to sense of adulthood.Journal of Adolescent Research,23,566-591.
47. Luyckx, K.,Schwartz, S. J.,Goossens, L.,Soenens, B.(2008).The relationship between identity development and adjustment in the transition to adulthood: Variablecentered and person-centered approaches.Journal of Research on Adolescence,18,595-619.
48. Mahoney, M. J.,Nezworski, M. T.(1985).Cognitivebehavioral approaches to children's problems.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,13,467-476.
49. Marcia, J. E.(1966).Development and validation of ego-identity status.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,3,551-558.
50. Meeus, W.(1996).Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,25,569-598.
51. Meeus, W.,van de Schoot, R.,Keijsers, L.,Schwartz, S. J.,Branje, S.(2010).On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation: A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-tolate Adolescence.Child Development,81,1565-1581.
52. Neimeyer, G. J.(Ed.),Neimeyer, R. A.(Ed.)(1990).Advances in personal construct theory.Greenwich, CT:Jai Press.
53. Noam, G.(Ed.),Borst, S.(Ed.)(1992).Child and adolescent suicide: Developmental perspective.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
54. Nolen-Hoeksema, S.(2010).Abnormal psychology.New York:McGraw-Hill.
55. Nurmi, J. E.,Berzonsky, M. D.,Tammi, K.,Kinney, A.(1997).Identity processing orientation, cognitive and behavioral strategies and well-being.International Journal of Behavioral Development,21,555-570.
56. Parker, J. G.,Low, C. M.,Walker, A. R.,Gamm, B. K.(2005).Friendship jealousy in young adolescents: Individual differences and links to sex, self-esteem, aggression, and social adjustment.Developmental Psychology,41,235-250.
57. Radloff, L. S.(1977).A CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurement,1,385-401.
58. Reinecke, M. A.(Ed.),Dattilio, F. M.(Ed.),Freeman, A(Ed.)(2006).Cognitive therapy with children and adolescents: A casebook for clinical practice.New York:Guilford.
59. Reinecke, M. A.(Ed.),Dattilio, F. M.(Ed.),Freeman, A.(Ed.)(2006).Cognitive therapy with children and adolescents: A casebook for clinical practice.New York:Guilford.
60. Reynolds, W.(Ed.),Miller, G.(Ed.)(2003).Handbook of psychology.New York:Wiley.
61. Roberts, R. E.,Lewinsohn, P. M.,Seeley, J. R.(1995).Symptoms of DSM-III-R major depression in adolescence: Evidence from an epidemiological survey.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,34,1608-1617.
62. Rutter, M.(Ed.),Izard, C. E.(Ed.),Read, P. B.(Ed.)(1986).Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives.New York:Guilford Press.
63. Rutter, M.(Ed.),Izard, C.(Ed.),Read, P.(Ed.)(1986).Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspective.New York:Guildford Press.
64. Sarbin, T. R.(Ed.),Scheibe, K. E.(Ed.)(1983).Studies in social identity.New York:Praeger.
65. Schwartz, S. J.,Montgomery, M. J.(2002).Similarities or differences in identity development? The impact of acculturation and gender on identity process and outcome.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,31,359-372.
66. Schwartz, S. J.,Zamboanga, B. L.,Weisskirch, R. S.,Rodriguez, L.(2009).The relationships of personal and ethnic identity exploration to indices of adaptive and maladaptive psychosocial functioning.International Journal of Behavioral Development,33,131-144.
67. Seligman, M. E. P.(1975).Helplessness: On depression, development, and death.San Francisco:Freeman.
68. Taylor, S. E.,Kemeny, M. E.,Reed, G. M.,Bower, J. E.,Gruenewald, T. L.(2000).Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health.American Psychologist,55,99-109.
69. van Hoof, A.(1999).The identity status filed re-reviewed: An update of unresolved and neglected issues with a view on some alternative approaches.Developmental Review,19,497-556.
70. Vernberg, E. M.(1990).Psychological adjustment and experience with peers during early adolescence: Reciprocal, incidental, or unidirectional relationships?.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,18,187-198.
71. Wentzel, K. R.,Barry, C. M.,Caldwell, K. A.(2004).Friendships in middle School: Influences on motivation and school adjustment.Journal of Educational Psychology,96,195-203.
72. Werth, J. L., Jr.(2004).The relationships among clinical depression, suicide, and other actions that may hasten death.Behavioral Science and Law,22,627-649.
73. Wichstrøm, L.(1999).The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization.Developmental Psychology,35,232-245.
74. Windle, M.,Dumenci, L.(1998).An investigation of maternal and adolescent depressed mood using a latent trait-state model.Journal of Research on Adolescence,8,461-484.
75. Wolfe, D. A.(Ed.),Mash, E. J.(Ed.)(2006).Behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents: Nature, assessment, and treatment.New York:Guilford.
76. Yang, H. J.,Soong, W. T.,Kuo, P. H.,Chang, H. Ling.,Chen, W. J.(2004).Using the CES-D in a two-phase survey for depressive disorders among nonreferred adolescents in Taipei: A stratum-specific likelihood ratio analysis.Journal of Affective Disorders,82,419-430.

1. 陳坤虎(2019).Self-Identity and Self-Esteem during Different Stages of Adolescence: The Function of Identity Importance and Identity Firmness.中華輔導與諮商學報,55,27-57.
2. 藍振嘉,劉珈倩,陳映雪(2015).Depressive Disorders among Adolescents.臺灣精神醫學,29(1),10-19+i.
3. (2024)。以集群分析探討邁向成人期之自我認同與心理適應之關聯。中華心理學刊，66(3)，327-360。