防衛型高自尊者在威脅情境下的防衛反應與自動情緒調節

The Defensive Reactions and Automatic Emotion Regulation of Defensive High Self-Esteems under Threaten Situation

10.6129/CJP.20131225

羅婉慈(Wen-Zi Lo)；葉光輝(Kuang-Hui Yeh)

內隱自尊 ； 外顯自尊 ； 安全型高自尊者 ； 自動情緒調節 ； 防衛型高自尊者 ； implicit self-esteem ； explicit self-esteems ； secure high self-esteem ； automatic emotion regulation ； defensive high self-esteems

中華心理學刊

56卷1期（2014 / 03 / 01）

117 - 134

繁體中文

根據不同意識層面測得的自尊可區分為外顯與內隱兩類，其中屬於高外顯、低內隱自尊的人通稱為「防衛型」高自尊者；而屬於高外顯、高內隱自尊的人稱為「安全型」高自尊者。經由兩實驗研究，本文比較當自我受到威脅時，防衛型與安全型高自尊者在防衛行為，以及自動化情緒調節反應上是否呈現差異。防衛型高自尊者雖擁有正向自我觀，但由於對內隱自我評價傾向於自我懷疑，因而對涉己的負向評價訊息敏感，因此推論相較於安全型高自尊者，容易在威脅自我情境下表現出較多的防衛性反應，也在自動化情緒調節反應上表現較差。研究一選取20名安全型及20名防衛型高自尊大學生樣本，分別隨機分派到兩種評價回饋的操弄情境（正向vs.負向），發現分派在負向評價回饋情境下，防衛型較安全型高自尊者對於涉己威脅來源有較多的負面評價，以及較會貶低趨下的外團體；但分派在正向評價回饋情境下，兩類型高自尊者的反應並無差異。研究二選取18名安全型及17名防衛型高自尊大學生樣本，經使用改良式情感促發作業操弄，發現防衛型高自尊者在閾下自我涉入情況下，相較於安全型高自尊者，其調節涉己負向情感訊息的時間較長，而在非閾下自我涉入時卻未顯現這樣的差異。這結果反映出自動啟動的情緒調節歷程需經由內隱自我的激發才會發動；高內隱自我評價（安全型）自尊者面對閾下與自我聯結的負向情緒激發時，其慣用的自動調節模式會幫助跳離負向情緒影響，使他們可以快速的轉換負向情境影響而朝正向目標關注；然而低內隱自我評價（防衛型）自尊者由於發展出不佳的內隱自我觀感，在無意識自我涉入下遭遇負向刺激時，其調節模式卻是習慣沉浸於負向情緒的感染，而減低對後續正向目標的注意及應變處理。

According to different conscious level, we can distinguish self-esteem into explicit and implicit aspects. Individuals with high explicit self-esteem but low implicit self-esteem are called defensive high self-esteems (defensive HSE), in addition, individuals with both high explicit and implicit self-esteem are called secure high self-esteems (secure HSE). In this study, by comparing these two types of self-esteems' behavioral responses in threatening situations and automatic emotion regulations to negative emotion, we can further elaborate the heterogeneity of high self-esteem appearance. Study1 which included 20 secure HSEs and 20 defensive HSEs tested that defensive HSE in face of threat stimuli will present more defensive reactions than do secure HSE. By manipulating two kinds of feedback situations (positive vs. negative feedback), the study 1 found that, in the receiving negative feedback, defensive HSE evaluated the source of threat (pseudo-intelligence tests) more negative than did secure HSE, and more to belittle outgroup (private students) score. In study 2 which included 18 secure HSEs and 17 defensive HSEs, we further explored whether self engage in negative emotion would cause different regulation time to two types of high self-esteems. By using modified affective priming task, we found that when priming subliminal self, defensive HSE's automatic negative emotion regulation is slower than that of secure HSE, and is also slower than that of secure HSE in positive emotion regulation situation. These findings did not show in none subliminal self primes. This study discussed that defensive HSE possess positive self views at public level but at implicit level they feel relatively negative about themselves that are fragile to threat, leading them uneasy to regulate their negative emotional state.

1. 余思賢、孫蒨如(2004)。華人的內隱自尊。本土心理學研究，22，329-357。
   連結：
2. 陳學志、李威震、周泰安、卓淑玲(2002)。以內隱聯結測驗（I AT ）測量國人自尊的可行性研究。測驗年刊，49，217-234。
   連結：
3. Baccus, J. R.,Baldwin, M. W.,Packer, D. J.(2004).Increasing implicit self-esteem through classical conditioning.Psychological Science,15,498-502.
4. Bargh, J. A.(Ed.)(2007).Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior.New York:Psychology.
5. Baumeister, R. F.(Ed.)(1993).Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard.New York:Plenum.
6. Baumeister, R. F.,Smart, L.,Boden, J. M.(1996).Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.Psychological Review,103,5-33.
7. Baumeister, R. F.,Tice, D. M.,Hutton, D. G.(1989).Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem.Journal of Personality,57,547-579.
8. Bosson, J. K.,Brown, R. P.,Zeigler-Hill, V.,Swann,W. B., Jr.(2003).Self enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem.Self and Identity,2,169-187.
9. Bosson, J. K.,Swann, W. B., Jr.,Pennebaker, J. W.(2000).Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79,631-643.
10. Conner, T.,Barrett, L. F.(2005).Implicit self-attitudes predict spontaneous affect in daily life.Emotion,5,476-488.
11. Deci, E. L.(Ed.),Ryan, R. M.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of self-determination research.Rochester, NY:University of Rochester Press.
12. Dijksterhuis, A.(2004).I like myself but I don't know why: Enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,86,345-355.
13. Fazio, R. H.,Sanbonmatsu, D. M.,Powell, M. C.,Kardes, F. R.(1986).On the automatic activation of attitudes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50,229-238.
14. Greenwald, A. G.,Banaji, M. R.(1995).Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.Psychological Review,102,4-27.
15. Greenwald, A. G.,Banaji, M. R.,Rudman, L. A.,Farnham, S. D.,Nosek, B. A.,Mellott, D. S.(2002).A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.Psychological Review,109,3-25.
16. Greenwald, A. G.,Farnham, S. D.(2000).Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79,1022-1038.
17. Greenwald, A. G.,McGhee, D. E.,Schwartz, J. L. K.(1998).Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74,1464-1480.
18. Greenwald, A. G.,Nosek, B. A.,Banaji, M. R.(2003).Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. an improved scoring algorithm.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85,197-216.
19. Greenwald, A. G.,Poehlman, T. A.,Uhlmann, E. L.,Banaji, M. R.(2009).Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. meta-analysis of predictive validity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,97,17-41.
20. Haddock, G.,Gebauer, J. E.(2011).Defensive self-esteem impacts attention, attitude strength, and self-affirmation processes.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47,1276-1284.
21. Hermans, D.,De Houwer, J.,Eelen, P.(1994).The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory.Cognition and Emotion,8,515-533.
22. Hetts, J. J.,Sakuma, M.,Pelham, B. W.(1999).Two roads to positive regard: Implicit and explicit self-evaluation and culture.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,35,512-559.
23. Jordan, C. H.,Spencer, S. J.,Zanna, M. P.(2005).Types of high self esteem and prejudice: How implicit self-esteem relates to ethnic discrimination among high explicit self-esteem individuals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31,693-702.
24. Jordan, C. H.,Spencer, S. J.,Zanna, M. P.,Hoshino-Browne, E.,Correll, J.(2003).Secure and defensive high self-esteem.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85,969-978.
25. Kernis, M. H.(Ed.)(1995).Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem.New York:Plenum.
26. Koole, S. L.,Coenen, L. H. M.(2007).Implicit self and affect regulation: Effects of action orientation and subliminal self priming in an affective priming task.Self and Identity,6,118-136.
27. Koole, S. L.,Fockenberg, D. A.(2011).Implicit emotion regulation under demanding conditions: The moderating role of action versus state orientation.Cognition and Emotion,25,440-452.
28. Lambird, K. H.,Mann, T.(2006).When do ego threats lead to self-regulation failure? Negative consequences of defensive high self-esteem.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,32,1177-1187.
29. Macrae, C. N.,Bodenhausen, G. V.,Milne, A. B.(1998).Saying no to unwanted thoughts: Self-focus and the regulation of mental life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74,578-589.
30. McGregor, I.,Jordan, C. H.(2007).The mask of zeal: Low implicit self-esteem, threat, and defensive extremism.Self and Identity,6,223-237.
31. Mruk, C. J.(1999).Self-esteem: Research, theory, and practice.New York:Springer.
32. Robinson, J. P.、Shaver, P. R.、Wrightsman, L. S.、楊宜音譯(1997)。性格與社會心理測量總覽。台北=Taipei:遠流=Yuan liu。
33. Rosenberg, M.(1979).Conceiving the self.New York:Basic Books.
34. Rosenberg, M.(1965).Society and the adolescent self-image.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
35. Sandstrom, M. J.,Jordan, R.(2008).Defensive self-esteem and aggression in childhood.Journal of Research in Personality,42,506-514.
36. Schröder-Abé, M.,Rudolph, A.,Schütz, A.(2007).High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health.European Journal of Personality,21,319-339.
37. Sedikides, C.(Ed.),Spencer, S.(Ed.)(2007).The self in social psychology.New York:Psychology.
38. Spalding, L. R.,Hardin, C. D.(1999).Unconscious unease and self-handicapping: Behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem.Psychological Science,10,535-539.
39. Tzeng, S.,Yi, C. C.(2009).The nonlinear effects of self-esteem on adolescent delinquency.The International Conference on Youth Studies,Taipei, Taiwan:
40. Wills, T. A.(1981).Downward comparison principles in social psychology.Psychological Bulletin,90,245-271.
41. Zeigler-Hill, V.,Terry, C.(2007).Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem.Self and Identity,6,137-153.
42. 張玉萍(2007)。國立政治大學心理學研究所=Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University。