兩歲遲語兒童的聲調知覺及其與詞彙學習的關係

Lexical-Tone Perception and Word Learning Abilities in Two-Year-Old Late-Talking Children

10.6129/CJP.20140505a

呂信慧(Hsin-Hui Lu)；曹峰銘(Feng-Ming Tsao)

遲語兒 ； 聲調知覺 ； 詞彙學習 ； late talker ； lexical-tone perception ； word learning

中華心理學刊

56卷4期（2014 / 12 / 01）

415 - 435

繁體中文

兩歲遲語兒的詞彙發展明顯落後同年齡幼兒。嬰幼兒的語音知覺能力是他們詞彙學習的基礎；而台灣目前普遍使用華語，其中「聲調」是華語的重要語音單位，具有標示音節詞彙意義的功能；因此「聲調知覺」能力在華語一般幼兒的詞彙發展上，扮演重要角色。本研究的主要目的在探索是否華語兩歲遲語兒在「聲調知覺」能力與一般幼兒有差異，以及聲調知覺能力與詞彙學習效能的關聯如何。本研究包含「遲語組」（n=34）與配對性別、生理年齡、出生序及家中主要語言的「對照組」（n=34）。研究作業包含華語嬰幼兒溝通發展量表、嬰幼兒發展測驗、測量聲調知覺能力的「聲調指認作業」（配對兩個單音節詞之聲調是最小對比）以及測量詞彙學習效能的「新詞學習作業」（指涉物選取與保留作業的形式）。結果發現遲語組的聲調知覺能力與詞彙學習效能皆較對照組差；相關分析的結果顯示遲語組的聲調知覺能力與詞彙學習效能有關，且逐步迴歸分析顯示，遲語組的聲調知覺能力對其詞彙學習效能的變異量有單獨之解釋量。本研究呈現華語兩歲遲語兒的聲調知覺能力落後配對幼兒，且他們的聲調知覺能力與詞彙學習效能有正向關聯。這些結果意涵，華語兩歲遲語兒較差的聲調知覺能力會干擾他們的詞彙學習效能。

The late-talking (LT) 2-year-old toddlers perform delayed vocabulary skills compared to their peers. Speech perception skills are essential to vocabulary development. For example, infants' speech perception abilities facilitate word learning, and speech perception in early infancy is predictive of later vocabulary development at 2-3 years of age. Lexical tones manifest the lexical meanings of syllables in Mandarin and are essential for typically-developing infants to learn words. Typically-developing 2-3 year-old children produce four lexical tones, but it is still an open issue regarding to the effects of lexical tone perception on word learning in Mandarin LT toddler. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the lexical-tone perception ability was associated with the word-learning performance in Mandarin-speaking LT toddlers. The participants were 2-year-old LT children (n=34) and typically-developing children (TD, n=34), matched with gender, chronological age, major language at home, and birth order. The lexical-tone perception ability was assessed with the forced-choice picture-pointing task, in which the child had to discriminate the lexical-tone minimal word pairs and map words with corresponding pictures. The word-learning efficiency was assessed with the referent-selection and the word retention tasks. Results showed that the LT group performed poorer than the TD group in lexical-tone perception and word-learning efficiency. For the LT group, results of the correlation analyses showed that lexical-tone perception was correlated with word-learning efficiency. For the TD group, lexical-tone perception was correlated with vocabulary size and syntactic complexity. For the LT group, the stepwise regression analyses showed that the word-learning efficiency could only be accounted for by lexical-tone perception. For the TD group, the results showed that the word-learning efficiency could be accounted for by vocabulary size and word using. The results demonstrate the poor lexical-tone perception ability in Taiwanese LT children. Moreover, the LT group's lexical-tone perception is associated with the word-learning efficiency, suggesting that the fragile lexical-tone representation could adversely affect the word-learning efficiency in LT.

1. Tsao, F. M.(2008).The effect of acoustical similarity on lexical-tone perception of one-year-old Mandarin-learning infants.Chinese Journal of Psychology,50,111-124.
   連結：
2. 曹峰銘、李菁芸、謝怡欣、邱建業(2009)。學齡前兒童塞音及聲調知覺與詞彙發展的關係。台灣聽力語言學會雜誌，24，39-57。
   連結：
3. 陳立芸、劉惠美(2010)。學齡期特定型語言障礙兒童聽知覺區辨能力初探。特殊教育研究學刊，35，1-18。
   連結：
4. 錡寶香(2002)。嬰幼兒溝通能力之發展：家長的長期追蹤記錄。特殊教育學報，16，23-64。
   連結：
5. Bayley, N.(2006).Bayley scales of infant and toddler development.San Antonio, TX:Harcourt Assessment.
6. Bion, R. A. H.,Borovsky, A.,Fernald, A.(2013).Fast mapping, slow learning: Disambiguation of novel word-object mappings in relation to vocabulary learning at 18, 24, and 30 months.Cognition,126,39-53.
7. Bradley, R. H.,Corwyn R. F.(2002).Socioeconomic status and child development.Annual Review of Psychology,53,371-399.
8. Chandrasekaran, B.,Sampath, P. D.,Wong P. C. M.(2010).Individual variability in cue-weighting and lexical tone learning.Journal of Acoustical Society of America,128,456-465.
9. Cheng, H.,Chung, K. H.,Wong, W. L.,McBride-Chang, C.,Penny, T. B.,Ho, S. H.(2009).Perception of tone and aspiration contrasts in Chinese children with dyslexia.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50,726-733.
10. Colombo, J.(Ed.),McCardle, P.(Ed.)(2009).Infant pathways to language: Methods, models, and research directions.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
11. Desmarais, C.,Sylvestre, A.,Meyer, F.,Bairati, I.,Rouleau, N.(2008).Systematic review of the literature on characteristics of late-talking toddlers.International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders,43,361-389.
12. D'Odorico, L.,Jacob, V.(2006).Prosodic and lexical aspects of maternal linguistic input to late-talking toddlers.International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders,41,293-311.
13. Ellis Weismer, S.(2007).Typical talkers, late talkers, and children with specific language impairment: A language endowment spectrum?.Language disorders from a developmental perspective: Essays in honor of Robin S. Chapman,Mahwah, NJ:
14. Ellis Weismer, S.,Evans, J. L.(2002).The role of processing limitations in early identification of specific language impairment.Topics in Language Disorders,22(3),15-29.
15. Ellis Weismer, S.,Venker, C. E.,Evans, J. L.,Moyle, M. J.(2013).Fast mapping in late-talking toddlers.Applied Psycholinguistics,34,69-89.
16. Garcia-Sierra, A.,Rivera-Gaxiola, M.,Percaccio, C. R.,Conboy, B. T.,Romo, H.,Klarman, L.(2011).Bilingual language learning: An ERP study relating early brain responses to speech, language input, and later word production.Journal of Phonetics,39,546-557.
17. Gershkoff-Stowe, L.,Hahn, E. R.(2007).Fast mapping skills in the developing lexicon.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,50,682-697.
18. Goswami, U.(2011).A temporal sampling framework for developmental dyslexia.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15,3-10.
19. Gray, S.,Brinkley, S.(2011).Fast mapping and word learning by preschoolers with specific language impairment in a supported learning context: Effect of encoding cues, phonotactic probability, and object familiarity.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,54,870-884.
20. Hill, P. R.,Hogben, J. H.,Bishop, D. M. V.(2005).Auditory frequency discrimination in children with specific language impairment: A longitudinal study.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,48,1136-1146.
21. Hoff, E.(2003).The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech.Child Development,74,1368-1378.
22. Horst, J. S.,Samuelson, L. K.(2008).Fast mapping but poor retention by 24-month-old infants.Infancy,13,128-157.
23. Horst, J. S.,Scott, E. J.,Pollard, J. A.(2010).The role of competition in word learning via referent selection.Developmental Science,13,706-713.
24. Jones, S. S.(2003).Late talkers show no shape bias in a novel name extension task.Developmental Science,6,477-483.
25. Jones, S. S.,Smith, L. B.(2005).Object name learning and object perception: A deficit in late talkers.Journal of Child Language,32,223-240.
26. Kuhl, P. K.(2011).Early language learning and literacy: Neuroscience implications for education.Mind, Brain, and Education,5,128-142.
27. Kuhl, P. K.,Conboy, B. T.,Coffey-Corina, S.,Padden, D.,Rivera-Gaxiola, M.,Nelson, T.(2008).Phonetic learning as a pathway to language: New data and native language magnet theory expanded (NLM-e).Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences,363,979-1000.
28. Kuhl, P. K.,Conboy, B. T.,Padden, D.,Nelson, T.,Pruitt, J.(2005).Early speech perception and later language development: Implications for the "critical period".Language Learning and Development,1,237-264.
29. Lee, C. Y.,Yen, H. L.,Yeh, P. W.,Lin, W. H.,Cheng, Y. Y.,Tzeng, Y. L.(2012).Mismatch responses to lexical tone, initial consonant, and vowel in Mandarin-speaking preschoolers.Neuropsychologia,50,3228-3239.
30. Lee, K. Y.,Chiu, S. N.,van Hasselt, C. A.(2002).Tone perception ability of cantonese-speaking children.Language and Speech,45,387-406.
31. Li, W. S.,Ho, C. S. H.(2011).Lexical tone awareness among Chinese children with developmental dyslexia.Journal of Child Language,38,793-808.
32. Liu, H. M.,Kuhl, P. K.,Tsao, F. M.(2003).An association between mothers' speech clarity and infants' speech discrimination skills.Developmental Science,6,F1-F10.
33. Liu, H. M.,Tsao, F. M.,Kuhl, P. K.(2007).Acoustic analysis of lexical tone in Mandarin infant-directed speech.Developmental Psychology,43,912-917.
34. MacRoy-Higgins, M.,Schwartz, R. G.,Shafer, V. L.,Marton, K.(2013).Influence of phonotactic probability/neighbourhood density on lexical learning in late talkers.International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders,48,188-199.
35. Mattock, K.,Burnham, D.(2006).Chinese and English infants' tone perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization.Infancy,10,241-265.
36. Mattock, K.,Molnar, M.,Polka, L.,Burnham, D.(2008).The developmental course of lexical tone perception in the first year of life.Cognition,106,1367-1381.
37. Maye, J.,Weiss, D. J.,Aslin, R. N.(2008).Statistical phonetic learning in infants: Facilitation and feature generalization.Developmental Science,11,122-134.
38. Maye, J.,Werker, J. F.,Gerken, L.(2002).Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination.Cognition,82,101-111.
39. Meng, X.,Sai, X.,Wang, C.,Wang, J.,Sha, S.,Zhou, X.(2005).Auditory and speech processing and reading development in Chinese school children: Behavioural and ERP evidence.Dyslexia,11,292-310.
40. Moyle, J.,Stokes, S. F.,Klee, T.(2011).Early language delay and specific language impairment.Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews,17,160-169.
41. Nazzi, T.(2005).Use of phonetic specificity during the acquisition of new words: Differences between consonants and vowels.Cognition,98,13-30.
42. Pennington, B. F.,Bishop, D. V. M.(2009).Relations among speech, language, and reading disorders.Annual Review of Psychology,60,283-306.
43. Plante, E. M.,Beeson, P. M.(2008).Communication and communication disorders: A clinical introduction.Needham Heights, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
44. Rescorla, L.(2009).Age 17 language and reading outcomes in late-talking toddlers: Support for a dimensional perspective on language delay.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,52,16-30.
45. Rescorla, L.(2002).Language and reading outcomes to age 9 in late-talking toddlers.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,45,360-371.
46. Rescorla, L.(2005).Age 13 language and reading outcomes in late-talking toddlers.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,48,459-472.
47. Rice, M. L.,Taylor, C. L.,Zubrick, S. R.(2008).Language outcomes of 7-year-old children with or without a history of late language emergence at 24 months.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,51,394-407.
48. Robertson, E. K.,Joanisse, M. F.,Desroches, A. S.,Ng, S.(2009).Categorical speech perception deficits distinguish language and reading impairments in children.Developmental Science,12,753-767.
49. Robins, D. L.,Fein, D.,Barton, M. L.(1999).The modified checklist for autism in toddlers (M-CHAT).Storrs, CT:Self.
50. Robins, D. L.,Fein, D.,Barton, M. L.,Green, J. A.(2001).The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,31,131-144.
51. Smith, L. B.,Jones, S. S.,Landau, B.,Gershkoff-Stowe, L.,Samuelson, L.(2002).Object name learning provides on-the-job training for attention.Psychological Science,13,13-19.
52. Spiegel, C.,Halberda, J.(2011).Rapid fast-mapping abilities in 2-year-olds.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,109,132-140.
53. Tallal, P.,Stark, R. E.(1981).Speech acoustic-cue discrimination abilities of normally developing and language-impaired children.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,69,568-574.
54. To, C. K. S.,Cheung, P. S. P.,McLeod, S.(2013).A population study of children's acquisition of Hong Kong Cantonese consonants, vowels, and tones.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,56,103-122.
55. Tsao, F. M.,Liu, H. M.,Kuhl, P. K.(2004).Speech perception in infancy predicts language development in the second year of life: A longitudinal study.Child Development,75,1067-1084.
56. Tsybina, I.,Eriks-Brophy, A.(2007).Issues in research on children with early language delay.Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders,34,118-133.
57. Vance, M.,Rosen, S.,Coleman, M.(2009).Assessing speech perception in young children and relationships with language skills.International Journal of Audiology,48,708-717.
58. Vandewalle, E.,Boets, B.,Ghesquière, P.,Zink, I.(2012).Auditory processing and speech perception in children with specific language impairment: Relations with oral language and literacy skills.Research in Developmental Disabilities,33,635-644.
59. Vigil, D. C.,Hodges, J.,Klee, T.(2005).Quantity and quality of parental language input to late-talking toddlers during play.Child Language Teaching and Therapy,21,107-122.
60. Vuijk, P. J.,Hartman, E.,Mombarg, R.,Scherder, E.,Visscher, C.(2011).Associations between academic and motor performance in a heterogeneous sample of children with learning disabilities.Journal of Learning Disabilities,44,276-282.
61. Werker, J. F.,Yeung, H. H.(2005).Infant speech perception bootstraps word learning.TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences,9,519-527.
62. Werker, J. F.,Yeung, H. H.,Yoshida, K. A.(2012).How do infants become experts at native-speech perception?.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21,221-226.
63. Wong, M. Y.,Ciocca, V.,Yung, S.(2009).The perception of lexical tone contrasts in Cantonese children with and without specific language impairment (SLI).Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,52,1493-1509.
64. Wong, P.,Schwartz, R. G.,Jenkins, J. J.(2005).Perception and production of lexical tones by 3-year-old, Mandarin-speaking children.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,48,1065-1079.
65. Wong, V.,Hui, L. H.,Lee, W. C.,Leung, L. S.,Ho, P. K.,Lau, W. L.(2004).A modified screening tool for autism (Checklist for Autism in Toddlers [CHAT-23]) for Chinese children.Pediatrics,114,e166-e176.
66. Yeung, H. H.,Chen, K. H.,Werker, J. F.(2013).When does native language input affect phonetic perception? The precocious case of lexical tone.Journal of Memory and Language,68,123-139.
67. Yoshida, K. A.,Fennell, C. T.,Swingley, D.,Werker, J. F.(2009).Fourteen-month-old infants learn similar-sounding words.Developmental Science,12,412-418.
68. Zelaznik, H. N.,Goffman, L.(2010).Generalized motor abilities and timing behavior in children with specific language impairment.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,53,383-393.
69. Zhang, J.,McBride-Chang, C.(2010).Auditory sensitivity, speech perception, and reading development and impairment.Educational Psychology Review,22,323-338.
70. Zhang, Y.,Zhang, L.,Shu, H.,Xi, J.,Wu, H.,Zhang, Y.(2012).Universality of categorical perception deficit in developmental dyslexia: An investigation of Mandarin Chinese tones.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,53,874-882.
71. Ziegler, J. C.,Goswami, U.(2006).Becoming literate in different languages: Similar problems, different solutions.Developmental Science,9,429-436.
72. Ziegler, J. C.,Pech-Georgel, C.,George, F.,Lorenzi, C.(2009).Speech-perception-in-noise deficits in dyslexia.Developmental Science,12,732-745.
73. Ziegler, J. C.,Pech-Georgel, C.,George, F.,Lorenzi, C.(2011).Noise on, voicing off: Speech perception deficits in children with specific language impairment.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,110,362-372.
74. 林清山(1997)。心理與教育統計學。台北=Teipei:東華=Donghua。
75. 席潔、姜薇、張林軍、舒華(2009)。漢語語音範疇性知覺及其發展。心理學報，41，572-579。
76. 黃秀霜、詹欣蓉(1997)。閱讀障礙兒童之音韻覺識、字覺識及聲調覺識之分析。特殊教育與復健學報，5，125-138。
77. 劉惠美、曹峰銘(2010)。華語嬰幼兒溝通發展量表（台灣版）。台北=Teipei:心理=Psychological。
78. 鄭靜宜(2011)。語音聲學：說話聲音的科學。台北=Teipei:心理=Psychological。

1. 曹峰銘,呂信慧(2020)。遲語兒語言發展趨勢和詞彙學習歷程：幼兒期至學齡前期縱貫研究。特殊教育研究學刊，45(1)，33-63。
2. 賴沛雨,劉惠美(2022)。華語幼兒之新詞學習與表達性詞彙的關係。教育心理學報，53(4)，801-825。