题名

領導者與部屬上下關係認定之理論模式建構

并列篇名

The Model of Leader-Subordinate Relational Identity

DOI

10.6129/CJP.20140924

作者

蔡松純(Sung-Chun Tsai)；鄭伯壎(Bor-Shiuan Cheng)；周麗芳(Li-Fang Chou)

关键词

關係認定 ； 上下關係認定 ； 關係基模 ； relational identity ； leader-subordinate relational identity (LSRI) ； relational schema

期刊名称

中華心理學刊

卷期/出版年月

57卷2期（2015 / 06 / 01）

页次

121 - 144

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

上下屬對彼此關係的認定如何影響雙方的行為，近年來頗受研究者重視。本研究有別於以往研究上下關係採取類別互動或自我概念的觀點，而以社會認知基模的觀點，特別關注領導者與部屬對上下關係本質的認知結構與類別內涵。本研究首先回顧組織中領導者與部屬上下關係的理論與研究。其次，經由分析過去自我概念觀點以「關係連結程度」定義自我之關係認定的研究後，為補充其缺口，而以社會認知基模的觀點來定義「關係對偶角色」，並考量華人傳統文化與西方文化衝擊後之現代化組織內上下關係的特性，釐清領導者與部屬上下關係認定的認知結構向度與內涵。將領導者與部屬上下關係認定之內涵區分為「平等／不平等」與「親密／疏遠」兩個認知向度，並依此分類為四種上下關係的內涵：平等而親密的關係內涵為情感共享上下關係；平等而疏遠的關係內涵為工作利益上下關係；不平等而親密的關係內涵為照顧回報上下關係；不平等而疏遠的關係內涵則為權威服從上下關係。建立領導者與部屬上下關係認定之理論模式，最後則指出上下關係認定模式對組織的重要性、未來研究方向、研究限制及實務貢獻。
英文摘要

The issue of how relational identity of leader-subordinate relationship affects behavior of both parties is getting more and more attentions in recent years. Different from past studies on leader-subordinate relationship taking viewpoints of self-concept or interaction between categories, this study took perspective of social cognitive schema with special focus on the cognition structure and category content of the vertical leader-subordinate relationship. Firstly, this study reviewed theories and studies related to leader-subordinate relationship in organization. Secondly, based on the review of past studies taking perspective of self-concept that used degree of relational bonds to define selfrelational identity, this study adopted viewpoint of social cognitive schema to define ＂relational dyadic role＂ to fill up the gap; meanwhile, considering the characteristics of vertical relationship in modern organizations after culture shock from Western to Chinese traditional culture, this study further clarified the dimensions and contents of cognitive structure of vertical leader-subordinate relationship. That is, by using the two dimensions of ＂equal/unequal＂ and ＂close/distant,＂ the contents of the leader-subordinate relational identity (LSRI) could be classified into four categories: communal affection relationship (equal and close), instrumental exchange relationship (equal but distant), care-repay relationship (unequal but close), and authority-obedience relationship (unequal and distant). Lastly, this study constructed a model of leadersubordinate relational identity, and the importance, future research directions, research limits, and practical contributions of this study were also discussed.
主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
参考文献
  1. 王榮春、陳彰儀(2003)。部屬觀點之領導互動論：部屬對主管領導行為的知覺因素與互動內涵初探。應用心理研究，20，181-215。
    連結：
  2. 周婉茹、周麗芳、鄭伯壎、任金剛(2010)。專權與尚嚴之辨：再探威權領導的內涵與恩威並濟的效果。本土心理學研究，34，223-284。
    連結：
  3. 周麗芳(2002)。華人組織中的關係與社會網絡。本土心理學研究，18，175-228。
    連結：
  4. 林姿葶、鄭伯壎(2012)。華人領導者的噓寒問暖與提攜教育：仁慈領導之雙構面初探。本土心理學研究，37，253-302。
    連結：
  5. 張志學(1999)。中國人的人際關係認知：一項多維度的研究。本土心理學研究，12，261-288。
    連結：
  6. 楊中芳(1999)。人際關係與人際情感的構念化。本土心理學研究，12，105-179。
    連結：
  7. 樊景立、鄭伯壎(2000)。華人組織的家長式領導：一項文化觀點的分析。本土心理學研究，13，127-180。
    連結：
  8. 蔡松純、鄭伯壎、周麗芳、姜定宇、鄭弘岳(2009)。領導者上下關係認定與部屬利社會行爲：權力距離之調節效果。中華心理學刊，51，121-138。
    連結：
  9. 鄭伯壎、周麗芳、樊景立(2000)。家長式領導：三元模式的建構與測量。本土心理學研究，14，3-64。
    連結：
  10. 閻書昌(2002)。先秦法家之「勢」論的心理學詮釋。本土心理學研究，18，267- 295。
    連結：
  11. 費孝通（1948）：《鄉土中國》。上海：觀察社。[Fei, X. T. (1948). From the soil (xiangtu zhongguo). Shanghai: Guancha.]
  12. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  13. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
  14. Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. (1939) . Management and the worker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
  15. Anchin, J. C.(Ed.),Kiesler, D. H.(Ed.)(1982).Handbook of interpersonal psychotherapy.New York, NY:Pergamon Press.
  16. Armer, M.,Youtz, R.(1971).Formal education and individual modernity in an African society.American Journal of Sociology,71,604-626.
  17. Aryee, S.,Chen, Z. X.,Sun, L.Y.,Debrah, Y. A.(2007).Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: Test of a trickle-down model.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,191-201.
  18. Ashforth, B. E.,Mael, F.(1989).Social identity theory and the organization.Academy of Management Review,14,20-39.
  19. Baldwin, M. W.(1992).Relational schemas and the processing of social information.Psychological Bulletin,112,461-484.
  20. Baldwin, M. W.,Baccus, J. R.(2003).Relational knowledge and an expectancy-value approach to self-esteem.Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium,London, UK:
  21. Baldwin, M. W.,Carrell, S. E.,Lopez, D. F.(1990).Priming relationship schemas: My advisor and the pope are watching me from the back of my mind.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,26,435-454.
  22. Baumeister, R. F.,Leary, M. R.(1995).The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin,117,497-529.
  23. Berger, P. L.,Luckmann, T.(1967).The social construction of reality.Garden City, NY:Anchor Books.
  24. Bond, M. H.(Ed.)(1988).The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology.Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
  25. Brewer, M. B.(1991).The social self: On being the same and different at the same time.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,17,475-482.
  26. Brewer, M. B.,Gardner, W.(1996).Who is this "we"?: Levels of collective identity and self-representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71,83-93.
  27. Brodbeck, F. C.,Frese, M.,Akerblom, S.,Audia, G.,Bakacsi, G.,Bendova, H.,Wunderer, R.(2000).Cultural variation of leadership prototypes across 22 European countries.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,73,1-29.
  28. Burke, P. J.(1991).Identity processes and social stress.American Sociological Review,56,836-849.
  29. Burnett, R.(Ed.),McGhee, P.(Ed.),Clarke, D. D.(Ed.)(1987).Accounting for relationships.New York, NY:Methuen.
  30. Callero, P. L.(1991).Conclusion: Conceptions of society in theories of self and social cognition.The self-society dynamic: Cognition, emotion and action,New York, NY:
  31. Callero, P. L.,Howard, J. A.,Piliavin, J. A.(1987).Helping behavior as role behavior: Disclosing social structure and history in the analysis of pro-social action.Social Psychology Quarterly,50,247-256.
  32. Cannon-Bowers, J.,Salas, E.(2001).Reflections on shared cognition.Journal of Organizational Behavior,22,195-202.
  33. Cantor, N.,Mischel, W.,Schwartz, J.(1982).A prototype analysis of psychological situations.Cognitive Psychology,14,45-77.
  34. Carson, R. C.(1969).Interaction concept of personality.Chicago, IL:Aldine.
  35. Cartwright, D.(Ed.),Zander, A.(Ed.)(1960).Group dynamics: Research and theory.New York, NY:Peterson.
  36. Chang, C. H.,Johnson, R. E.(2010).Not all leader-member exchanges are created equal: Importance of leader relational identity.The Leadership Quarterly,21,796-808.
  37. Chang, W. C.,Wong, W. K.,Koh, B. K.(2003).Chinese values in Singapore: Traditional and modern.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,6,5-29.
  38. Clark, M. S.,Mills, J.(1979).Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37,12-24.
  39. Dawson, J. L. M.(1967).Traditional versus Western attitudes in West Africa: The construction, validation, and application of a measuring device.British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,6,81-96.
  40. DeRue, D. S.,Ashford, S. J.(2010).Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organizations.Academy of Management Review,35,627-647.
  41. Doob, L. W.(1967).Scales for assessing psychological modernization in Africa.Public Opinion Quarterly,31,414-421.
  42. Duck, S. W.(Ed.)(1988).Handbook of personal relationships.New York, NY:Wiely.
  43. Dunnette, M. D.(Ed.)(1976).Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology.Chicago, IL:Rand McNally.
  44. Easterby-Smith, M.(1980).The design, analysis and interpretation of repertory grids.International Journal of Man-Machine Studies,13,3-24.
  45. Eden, D.,Leviatan, U.(1975).Implicit leadership theory as a determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales.Journal of Applied Psychology,60,736-741.
  46. Erikson, E. H.(1964).Insight and responsibility.New York, NY:Norton.
  47. Fiske, A. P.(1991).Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations.New York, NY:Free Press.
  48. Fiske, A. P.(1992).The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations.Psychological Review,99,689-723.
  49. Fiske, S. T.,Dyer, L. M.(1985).Structure and development of social schemata: Evidence from positive and negative transfer effects.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,48,839-852.
  50. Fiske, S. T.,Taylor, S. E.(1984).Social cognition.New York, NY:Random House.
  51. Flynn, F. J.(2005).Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in organizations.Academy of Management Review,30,737-750.
  52. Gioia, D. A.,Schultz, M.,Corley, K. G.(2000).Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability.Academy of Management Review,25,63-82.
  53. Goffman, E.(1959).The presentation of self in everyday life.New York, NY:Doubleday Anchor Books.
  54. Graen, G. B.,Novak, M.,Sommerkamp, P.(1982).The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,30,109-131.
  55. Guthrie, G. M.(1977).A social-psychological analysis of modernization in the Philippines.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,8,177-206.
  56. Hamilton, D. L.(Ed.)(1981).Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  57. Harvey, J. H.(Ed.),Ickes, W. J.(Ed.),Kidd, R. F.(Ed.)(1976).New directions in attribution research.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  58. Hewitt, J. P.(1976).Self and society: A symbolic interactionist social psychology.Boston, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
  59. Higgins, E. T.(Ed.),Sorrentino, R.(Ed.)(1986).Handbook of motivation and cognition.New York, NY:Guilford Press.
  60. Ho, D. Y. F.(1998).Interpersonal relationships and relationship dominance: An analysis based on methodological relationalism.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,1,1-16.
  61. Ho, D. Y. F.(1995).Selfhood and identity in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism: Constructs with the west.Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior,25,115-139.
  62. Hofmann, D. A.(1997).An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models.Journal of Management,23,723-755.
  63. Hofstede, G.(1980).Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values.Beverly Hill, CA:Sage.
  64. Hofstede, G.(1991).Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind.London, UK:McGraw-Hill.
  65. Hogg, M. A.,Abram, D.(1988).Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes.London, UK:Routledge.
  66. Hogg, M. A.,Terry, D. J.(2000).Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts.Academy of Management Review,25,121-140.
  67. House, R. J.,Hanges, P. J.,Javidan, M.,Dorfman, P. W.,Gupta, V.(2004).Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
  68. Huang, X.,Wright, R. P.,Chiu, W. C. K.,Wang, C.(2008).Relational schemas as sources of evaluation and misevaluation of leader-member exchanges: Some initial evidence.Leadership Quarterly,19,266-282.
  69. Inkeles, A.,Smith, D. H.(1974).Becoming modern: Individual change in six developing countries.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
  70. Innes, R. B.,Innes, S. M.(1984).A qualitative study of caregivers' attitudes about child care.Early Child Development & Care,15,133-147.
  71. Kahl, J. A.(1968).The measurement of modernism: A study of values in Brazil and Mexico.Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.
  72. Kelly, G.(1955).The psychology of personal constructs.New York, NY:Norton.
  73. Kenney, R. A.,Blascovich, J.,Shaver, P. R.(1994).Implicit leadership theories: Prototypes for new leaders.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,15,409-437.
  74. Kiesler, D. J.(1983).The 1982 interpersonal circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in huaman transactions.Psychological Review,90,185-214.
  75. Kim, U.(Ed.),Berry, J. W.(Ed.)(1993).Indigenous psychology: Research and experience in cultural context.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  76. Kim, U.,Triandis, H. C.,Kagitcibasi, C.,Choi, S. C.,Yoon, G.(1994).Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications.Beverly Hill, CA:Sage.
  77. Koch, S.(Ed.)(1963).Psychology: A study of a science.New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
  78. Lapierre, L. M.,Naidoo, L. J.,Bonaccio, S.(2012).Leaders' relational self-concept and followers' task performance: Implications for mentoring provided to followers.The Leadership Quarterly,23,766-774.
  79. Leary, T. F.(1957).Interpersonal diagnosis of personality.New York, NY:Ronald Press.
  80. Li, J. T.(Ed.),Tsui, A. S.(Ed.),Weldon, E.(Ed.)(2000).Management and organizations in the Chinese context.London, UK:MacMillan.
  81. Lim, B. C.,Klein, K. J.(2006).Team mental models and team performance: A field study of the effects of team mental model similarity and accuracy.Journal of Organizational Behavior,27,403-418.
  82. Lindzey, G.(Ed.),Aronson, E.(Ed.)(1985).Handbook of social psychology.New York, NY:Random House.
  83. Lord, R. G.,Emrich, C. G.(2001).Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research.Leadership Quarterly,11,551-579.
  84. Louiselle, K. G.(1990).Columbia, MO.,University of Missouri.
  85. Lu, L.,Kao, S. F.(2002).Traditional and modern characteristics across the generations: Similarities and discrepancies.Journal of Social Psychology,142,45-59.
  86. Manev, I. M.,Stevenson, W. B.(2001).Nationality, cultural distance, and expatriate status: Effects on the managerial network in a multinational enterprise.Journal of International Business Studies,32,285-303.
  87. Markus, H.(1977).Self-schemata and processing information about the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35,63-78.
  88. Markus., H.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation.Psychological Review,98,224-253.
  89. Marsella, A. J.(Ed.),DeVos, G.(Ed.),Hsu, F. L. K.(Ed.)(1985).Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives.New York, NY:Tavistock.
  90. Marwell, G.,Hage, J.(1970).The organization of role relations: A systematic description.American Sociological Review,35,884-900.
  91. McCall, G. J.,Simmons, J. L.(1966).Identities and interaction: An examination of human association in everyday life.New York, NY:Free Press.
  92. McCall, G. J.,Simmons, J. L.(1978).Identities and interactions.New York, NY:Free Press.
  93. Meglino, B. M.,Ravlin, E. C.,Adkins, C. L.(1989).A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes.Journal of Applied Psychology,74,424-432.
  94. Mohammed, S.,Dumville, B. C.(2001).Team metal models in a team knowledge framework: Expanding theory and measurement across disciplinary boundaries.Journal of Organizational Behavior,22,89-106.
  95. Pellegrini, E. K.,Scandura, T. A.(2008).Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research.Journal of Management,34,566-593.
  96. Rentsch, J. R.,Klimoski, R. J.(2001).Why do "great minds" think alike?: Antecedents of team member schema agreement.Journal of Organizational Behavior,22,107-120.
  97. Roccas, S.,Brewer, M. B.(2002).Social identity complexity.Personality and Social Psychology Review,6,88-106.
  98. Rowley, T. J.,Moldoveanu, M.(2003).When will stakeholder groups act? Interest-and identity-based model of stakeholder group mobilization.Academy of Management Review,28,204-219.
  99. Rumelhart, D. E.,Norman, D.(1978).Accretion, tuning and restructuring: Three modes of learning.Semantic factors in Cognition,Hillsdale, NJ:
  100. Sanchez-Burks, J.,Nisbett, R. E.,Ybarra, O.(2000).Cultural styles, relational schemas, and prejudice against out-groups.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79,174-189.
  101. Schnaiberg, A.(1970).Measuring modernism: Theoretical and empirical explorations.American Journal of Sociology,76,399-425.
  102. Sluss, D. M.,Ashforth, B. E.(2007).Relational identity and identification: Defining ourselves through work relationships.Academy of Management Review,32,9-32.
  103. Snyder, C. R.(Ed.),Forsyth, D. R.(Ed.)(1991).Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The health perspective.Elmsford, NY:Pergamon Press.
  104. Stephenson, J. B.(1968).Is everyone going modern? A critique and a suggestion for measuring modernism.American Journal of Sociology,74,265-275.
  105. Stewart, V.,Stewart, A.,Fonda, N.(1981).Business applications of repertory grid.London, UK:McGraw-Hill.
  106. Sullivan, H. S.(1953).The interpersonal theory of psychiatry.New York:Norton.
  107. Swanson, G. E.(Ed.),Newcombe, T. M.(Ed.),Hartley, E. L.(Ed.)(1952).Readings in social psychology.New York, NY:Hot.
  108. Tajfel, H.(1974).Social identity and intergroup behavior.Social Science Information,13,65-93.
  109. Tajfel, H.(Ed.)(1982).Social identity and intergroup relations.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
  110. Trafimow, D.,Triandis, H. C.,Goto, S. G.(1991).Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60,649-655.
  111. Triandis, H. C.(1978).Some universals of social behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,4,1-16.
  112. Triandis, H. C.,Vassiliou, V.,Nassiakou, M.(1968).Three cross-cultural studies of subjective culture.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,8,1-42.
  113. Tsui, A. S.,Farh, J. L.(1997).Where guanxi matters: Relational demography and guanxi in the Chinese context.Work and Occupations,24,56-79.
  114. Tu, W. M.(Ed.)(1996).Confucian traditions in East Asian modernity: Moral education and economic culture in Japan and the other four mini-dragons.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
  115. Waller, M. J.,Gupta, N.,Giambatista, R. C.(2004).Effects of adaptive behaviors and shared mental models on control crew performance.Management Science,50,1534-1544.
  116. Weber, R.,Crocker, J.(1983).Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs.Personality & Social Psychology,45,961-977.
  117. Weiss, H. M.(1978).Social learning of work values in organizations.Journal of Applied Psychology,63,711-718.
  118. Westwood, R.(1997).Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for "paternalistic headship" among the overseas Chinese.Organization Studies,18,445-480.
  119. Wiggins, J. S.,Trobst, K. K.(1997).Prospects for the assessment of normal and abnormal interpersonal behavior.Journal of Personality Assessment,68,110-126.
  120. Wish, M.,Deutsch, M.,Kaplan, S. J.(1976).Perceived dimensions of interpersonal relations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,33,409-420.
  121. Worchel, S.(Ed.),Austin, W. G.(Ed.)(1986).Psychology of intergroup relations.Chigago, IL:Nelson-Hall.
  122. Wyer, R. S.(Ed.),Srull, T. K.(Ed.)(1984).Handbook of social cognition.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  123. Yang, K. S.(Ed.),Hwang, K. K.(Ed.),Kim, U.(Ed.)(2006).Scientific advances in indigenous psychologies: Empirical, philosophical, and cultural contributions.London, UK:Sage.
  124. Yukl, G. A.(1998).Leadership in organizations.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall.
  125. 任金剛、樊景立、鄭伯壎、周麗芳(2003)。教育部華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫研究報告教育部華人本土心理學研究追求卓越計畫研究報告,台北=Taipei:國立台灣大學=National Taiwan University。
  126. 朱瑞玲(1993)。台灣心理學研究之本土化的回顧與展望。本土心理學研究，1，89-119。
  127. 何友暉、陳淑娟、趙志裕(1991)。關係取向：為中國社會心理方法論求答案。中國人的心理與行為，台北=Taipei:
  128. 莊耀嘉、楊國樞(1997)。角色規範的認知結構。本土心理學研究，7，281-338。
  129. 黃光國編(1988)。中國人的權力遊戲。台北=Taipei:巨流=Chuliu。
  130. 黃光國(2001)。儒家關係主義的理論建構及其方法論基礎。教育與社會研究，2，1-34。
  131. 楊中芳編(2001)。中國人的人際關係、情感與信任。台北=Taipei:遠流=Yuan Liou。
  132. 楊國樞(1993)。中國人的社會取向：社會互動的觀點。中國人的心理與行為—理念及方法篇（一九九二），台北=Taipei:
  133. 葉光輝(2002)。關係主義：論華人人際互動關係的要素、來源及變化歷程。從現代到本土，台北=Taipei:
  134. 樊和平(1995)。中國倫理的精神。台北=Taipei:五南=Wu-Nan。
  135. 鄭伯壎編、姜定宇編(2006)。華人組織行為：議題、作法及出版。台北=Taipei:華泰=Hwatai。
  136. 鄭伯壎編、姜定宇編、鄭弘岳編(2003)。組織行為研究在台灣：三十年回顧與展望。台北=Taipei:桂冠=Guiguan。
  137. 鄭伯壎(2005)。華人領導： 理論與實際。台北=Taipei:桂冠=Guiguan。
  138. 鄭伯壎(1995)。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理學研究，3，142-219。
被引用次数
  1. 蔡松純,周麗芳(2020)。領導者與部屬上下關係認定之量表建構。中華心理學刊，62(3)，355-389。
  2. 鄭志富、黃國恩(2016)。華人差序式領導對運動團隊效能之影響。中華體育季刊，30(3)，171-178。
  3. (2024)。華人組織中的人際關係：回顧與展望。中華心理學刊，66(1)，153-193。
  4. (2024)。領導者與部屬上下關係認定：回顧與展望。中華心理學刊，66(1)，25-49。
print cancel