性侵害兒童意願的形成

Formation of the Proclivity for Sexual Abuse against Children

10.6129/CJP.20150908

黃軍義(Jiun-Yih Huang)

兒童 ； 性侵害 ； 偏差性興奮 ； 偏差認知 ； child ； sexual abuse ； deviant sexual arousal ； distorted cognition

中華心理學刊

57卷3期（2015 / 09 / 01）

281 - 301

繁體中文

目前國內性侵害兒童行為的相關知識相當欠缺，並且國內與國外研究皆缺乏性侵害兒童意願形成的探討，有鑑於此，本研究從早年經驗、心理與行為特徵、及社會文化因素的知覺三個面向，提出影響性侵害兒童意願形成的理論模型。此一模型指出，偏差性興奮、偏差認知（性侵害兒童迷思）、及反社會性格，對性侵害兒童意願的形成具有直接影響；社會文化因素的知覺對偏差性興奮及偏差認知的形成具有直接影響；童年遭遇性虐待對偏差性興奮的形成具有直接影響；童年遭遇性虐待與身體虐待、拒絕、忽視，對反社會性格的形成具有直接影響。本研究目的在於檢證此一理論模型。以無記名自陳式問卷調查法蒐集資料。研究參與者包括監獄中的男性受刑人915位，以及大學男性學生559位。以結構方程模式檢證理論模型，結果發現：無論在監獄男性受刑人或大學男生樣本上，測量模型皆具有可接受的信度與效度，結構模型在多數指標上顯示適配，說明本研究的理論模型受到觀測資料的支持。此一模型對男性受刑人與男性大學生性侵害兒童意願的解釋力分別為77%、73%。文末就研究結果的理論意涵、實務應用、研究限制與未來研究方向進行討論。

Given the lack of knowledge on child sexual abuse in Taiwan and the limited investigation of child sexual abuse proclivity in both Taiwan and Western countries, this study proposes and examines a theoretical model of child sexual abuse proclivity from the perspectives of early experiences, psychological and behavioral characteristics, and sociocultural perception. The proposed model indicates that deviant sexual arousal, distorted cognitions (child sexual abuse myths), and an antisocial personality directly affect the formation of child sexual abuse proclivity; sociocultural perception directly affects the formation of deviant sexual arousal and distorted cognitions; childhood sexual abuse experiences directly influence the formation of deviant sexual arousal; and childhood sexual abuse experience, primary caretaker's physical abuse, rejection, and neglect directly affect the formation of an antisocial personality. We used an anonymous self-report questionnaire to collect data. The research sample comprised 915 male inmates and 559 male college students. Structural equation modeling was employed to verify the proposed model. The results show that the measurement model attained acceptable reliability and validity. Furthermore, the structural model was supported by observable data and most fit indices in both samples, accounting for 77% of the variance in child sexual abuse proclivity in the male inmates and 73% of the variance in the college students. Finally, this paper discusses the theoretical implications of the research results, as well as the practical applications, research limitations, and future research directions.

1. 黃軍義(2015)。教育心理學報，46，471-489。
   連結：
2. 簡晉龍、李美枝、黃囇莉(2009)。幸福之路：雙重自我建構的分流與匯合。中華心理學刊，51，453-470。
   連結：
3. 內政部警政署（2014）：《各類刑案被害人數─年齡別》。檢索自http://www.npa.gov.tw/NPAGip/wSite/ct?xItem=26912&ctNode=12595&mp=1。[National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior.(2014). Ge lei xingan beihai renshu - nianling bie. Retrieved from http://www.npa.gov.tw/NPAGip/wSite/ct?xItem=26912&ctNode=12595&mp=1]
4. Alleyne, E.,Gannon, T. A.,ÓCiardha, C.,Wood, J. L.(2014).Community males show multiple-perpetrator rape proclivity: Development and preliminary validation of an interest scale.Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,26,82-104.
5. Baron, L.,Straus, M. A.(1989).Four theories of rape in American society: A state-level analysis.New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
6. Beech, A. R.,Kalmus, E.,Tipper, S. P.,Baudouin, J. Y.,Flak, V.,Humphreys, G. W.(2008).Children induce an enhanced attentional blink in child molesters.Psychological Assessment,20,397-402.
7. Briere, J.(1989).University males' sexual interest in children: Predicting potential indices of "pedophilia" in a nonforensic sample.Child Abuse & Neglect,13,65-75.
8. Connolly, M.,Woollons, R.(2008).Childhood sexual experience and adult offending: An exploratory comparison of three criminal groups.Child Abuse Review,17,119-132.
9. Dudeck, M.,Spitzer, C.,Stopsack, M.,Freyberger, H. J.,Barnow, S.(2008).Forensic inpatient male sexual offenders: The impact of personality disorder and childhood sexual abuse.The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology,18,494-506.
10. Edelmann, R. J.(2010).Exposure to child abuse images as part of one's work: Possible psychological implications.Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology,21,481-489.
11. Farrington, D. P.,Coid, J. W.,Murray, J.(2009).Family factors in the intergenerational transmission of offending.Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health,19,109-124.
12. Fergusson, D. M.,Mullen, P. E.(1999).Childhood sexual abuse: An evidence based perspective.London, UK:Sage.
13. Finkelhor, D.(1984).Child sexual abuse: New theory and research.New York, NY:Free Press.
14. Finkelhor, D.,Lewis, I. A.(1988).An epidemiologic approach to the study of child molestation.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,528,64-78.
15. Finkelhor, D.,Ormrod, R. K.,Turner, H. A.(2009).Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth.Child Abuse & Neglect,33,403-411.
16. Gannon, T. A.(2009).Social cognition in violent and sexual offending: An overview.Psychology, Crime & Law,15,97-118.
17. Gannon, T. A.,Rose, M. R.,Williams, S. E.(2009).Do female child molesters implicitly associate children and sex? A preliminary investigation.Journal of Sexual Aggression,15,55-61.
18. Gannon, T. A.,Wright, D. B.,Beech, A. R.,Williams, S.(2006).Do child molesters hold distorted beliefs? What does their memory recall tell us?.Journal of Sexual Aggression,12,5-18.
19. Glasser, M.,Kolvin, I.,Campbell, D.,Glasser, A.,Leitch, I.,Farelly, S.(2001).Cycle of child sexual abuse: Links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator.The British Journal of Psychiatry,179,482-494.
20. Goodyear-Brown, P.(Ed.)(2012).Handbook of child sexual abuse: Identification, assessment, and treatment.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
21. Habermeyer, B.,Esposito, F.,Händel, N.,Lemoine, P.,Kuhl, H. C.,Klarhöfer, M.,Graf, M.(2013).Response inhibition in pedophilia: An fMRI pilot study.Neuropsychobiology,68,228-237.
22. Hall, G. C. N.,Hirschman, R.(1992).Sexual aggression against children: A conceptual perspective of etiology.Criminal Justice and Behavior,19,8-23.
23. Jolliffe, D.,Farrington, D. P.,Hawkins, J. D.,Catalano, R. F.,Hill, K. G.,Kosterrman, R.(2003).Predictive, concurrent, prospective and retrospective validity of self-reported delinquency.Criminal Behavior and Mental Health,13,179-197.
24. Keown, K.,Gannon, T. A.,Ward, T.(2008).The effects of visual priming on information processing in child sexual offenders.Journal of Sexual Aggression,14,145-159.
25. Keown, K.,Gannon, T. A.,Ward, T.(2010).What's in a measure? A multi-method study of child sexual offenders' beliefs.Psychology, Crime & Law,16,125-143.
26. Keown, K.,Gannon, T. A.,Ward, T.(2008).What were they thinking? An exploration of child sexual offenders' beliefs using a lexical decision task.Psychology, Crime & Law,14,317-337.
27. Kline, R. B.(1998).Principle and practice of structural equation modeling.New York, NY:Guilford Press.
28. Koss, M. P.,Gidycz, C. A.,Wisniewski, N.(1987).The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55,162-170.
29. Lambie, I.,Seymour, F.,Lee, A.,Adams, P.(2002).Resiliency in the victim-offender cycle in male sexual abuse.Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,14,31-48.
30. Little, T. D.,Cunningham, W. A.,Shahar, G.,Widaman, K. F.(2002).To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits.Structural Equation Modeling,9,151-173.
31. MacCulloch, M.(2006).Effects of EMDR on previously abused child molesters: Theoretical reviews and preliminary findings from Ricci, Clayton, and Shapiro.Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology,17,531-537.
32. Malamuth, N. M.(1988).A multidimensional approach to sexual aggression: Combining measures of past behavior and present likelihood.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,528,123-132.
33. Mann, R.,Webster, S.,Wakeling, H.,Marshall, W.(2007).The measurement and influence of child sexual abuse supportive beliefs.Psychology, Crime & Law,13,443-458.
34. Marshall, W. L.(Ed.),Laws, D. R.(Ed.),Barbaree, H. E.(Ed.)(1990).Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories and treatment of the offender.New York, NY:Plenum Press.
35. Marziano, V.,Ward, T.,Beech, A. R.,Pattison, P.(2006).Identification of five fundamental implicit theories underlying cognitive distortions in child abusers: A preliminary study.Psychology, Crime & Law,12,97-105.
36. Moffit, T. E.(2005).Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviours: Evidence from behavioural-genetic research.Advances in Genetics,55,41-104.
37. Moultrie, D.(2006).Adolescents convicted of possession of abuse images of children: A new type of adolescent sex offender?.Journal of Sexual Aggression,12,165-174.
38. Nunes, K. L.,Hermann, C. A.,Renee-Malcom, J.,Lavoie, K.(2013).Childhood sexual victimization, pedophilic interest, and sexual recidivism.Child Abuse & Neglect,37,703-711.
39. Pemberton, A. E.,Wakeling, H. C.(2009).Entitled to sex: Attitudes of sexual offenders.Journal of Sexual Aggression,15,289-303.
40. Polisois-Keating, A.,Joyal, C. C.(2013).Functional neuroimaging of sexual arousal: A preliminary metaanalysis comparing pedophilic to non-pedophilic men.Archives of Sexual Behavior,42,1111-1113.
41. Quinsey, V. L.,Lalumière, M. L.(2001).Assessment of sexual offenders against children.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
42. Ricci, R. J.,Clayton, C. A.,Shapiro, F.(2006).Some effects of EMDR on previously abused child molesters: Theoretical reviews and preliminary findings.Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology,17,538-562.
43. Rice, M. E.,Harris, G. T.(1997).Cross-validation and extension of the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide for child molesters and rapists.Law and Human Behavior,21,231-241.
44. Rowe, D. C.,Farrington, D. P.(1997).The familial transmission of criminal convictions.Criminology,35,177-201.
45. Sánchez, M. M.,Hearn, E. F.,Do, D.,Rilling, J. K.,Herndon, J. G.(1998).Differential rearing affects corpus callosum size and cognitive function of rhesus monkeys.Brain Research,812,38-49.
46. Schiffer, B.,Krueger, T.,Paul, T.,de Greiff, A.,Forsting, M.,Leygraf, N.,Gizewski, E.(2008).Brain response to visual sexual stimuli in homosexual pedophiles.Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience,33,23-33.
47. Seghorn, T. K.,Prentky, R. A.,Boucher, R. J.(1987).Childhood sexual abuse in the lives of sexually aggressive offenders.Journal of American Psychiatry,26,262-267.
48. Seto, M. C.(2008).Pedophilia and sexual offending against children: Theory, assessment, and intervention.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
49. Seto, M. C.,Cantor, J. M.,Blanchard, R.(2006).Child pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic indicator of pedophilia.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,115,610-615.
50. Seto, M. C.,Harris, G. T.,Rice, M. E.,Barbaree, H. E.(2004).The Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests and recidivism among adult sex offenders with child victims.Archives of Sexual Behavior,33,455-466.
51. Seto, M. C.,Lalumière, M. L.(2001).A brief screening scale to identify pedophilic interests among child molesters.Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,13,15-25.
52. Seto, M. C.,Lalumière, M. L.,Blanchard, R.(2000).The discriminative validity of a phallometric test for pedophilic interests among adolescents sex offenders against children.Psychological Assessment,12,319-327.
53. Singh, A.(1979).Reliability and validity of self-reported delinquency studies: A review.Psychological Reports,44,987-993.
54. Stoleru, S.,Fonteille, V.,Moulier, V.(2013).Neural correlates of pedophilic sexual attraction.Annales Medico-Psychologiques,171,444-448.
55. Tong, D.(2007).The penile plethysmograph, Abel assessment for sexual interest, and MSI-II: Are they speaking the same language?.American Journal of Family Therapy,35,187-202.
56. Van De Rakt, M.,Nieuwbeerta, P.,De Graaf, N. D.(2008).Like father, like son: The relationships between conviction trajectories of fathers and their sons and daughters.British Journal of Criminology,48,538-556.
57. Van De Rakt, M.,Niewbeerta, P.,Apel, R.(2009).Association of criminal convictions between family members: Effects of siblings, fathers and mothers.Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health,19,94-108.
58. Ward, T.,Keenan, T.(1999).Child molesters' implicit theories.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,14,821-838.
59. Ward, T.,Siegert, R. J.(2002).Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective.Psychology, Crime, and Law,8,319-351.
60. Wood, H.(2013).Internet pornography and paedophilia.Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy,27,319-338.
61. 大淵憲一、戴伸峰(2012)。犯罪心理學。台北=Taipei:雙葉=Yeh Yeh。
62. 王怡穆(2010)。台北=Taipei，台北市立教育大學心理與諮商學系=Department of Psychology and Counseling, Taipei Municipal University of Education。
63. 周嘉瑛(2008)。台北=Taipei，國立台灣大學心理學研究所=Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University。
64. 柯永河(1996)。健康、性格、習慣量表。台北=Taipei:測驗=Psychological Assessment。
65. 胡淑貞、吳慧敏(2001)。兒童時期性侵害盛行率及相關因子之研究：以台南市和花蓮市高中職學生為例。公共衛生，28，135-150。
66. 黃軍義(2000)。台北=Taipei，國立台灣大學心理學研究所=Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University。
67. 黃軍義、簡誼萍(2012)。違反女性意願性交及性侵害兒童量表的建立初探。亞洲家庭暴力與性侵害期刊，8(2)，55-90。
68. 廖玲燕(2000)。台北=Taipei，國立台灣大學心理學研究所=Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University。
69. 劉達臨(1995)。中國古代性文化。台北=Taipei:新雨=New Rain。

1. 黃軍義(2017)。性侵害兒童的意願與行為的關聯及影響因素。教育心理學報，49(2)，193-214。
2. 邱惟真(2022)。兩性關係之差異與共識：從柯氏兩性關係量表談起。性學研究，12(2)，1-16。