题名

運動員感恩：萌芽、發展與展望

并列篇名

Athletes' Gratitude: Initialization, Development, and Prospects

DOI

10.6129/CJP.202006_62(2).0002

作者

陳龍弘(Lung-Hung Chen)；許詩淇(Shih-Chi Hsu)

关键词

心理健康 ； 幸福感 ； 運動心理學 ； 感恩介入 ； 感恩測量 ； gratitude intervention ； gratitude measurement ； psychological health ； sports psychology ； well-being

期刊名称

中華心理學刊

卷期/出版年月

62卷2期（2020 / 06 / 01）

页次

129 - 150

内容语文

繁體中文;英文
中文摘要

自正向心理學興起後，「感恩」研究日漸備受重視，目前已累積許多理論概念與實徵證據。後續，「感恩」研究從一般情境擴展應用到特定情境，其中，運動心理學家也加入感恩研究行列。雖然，在追求「更高、更快、更強」的競技運動場合中，「感恩」因難以立即直接提昇運動員的體能與成績，不免受到質疑與忽視，但隨著近幾年在運動領域累積的研究成果，不只證明一般感恩在特定的運動情境具檢證性，更在對運動員原有的更高、更快、更強的期待上，嶄新注入「更健康」的面向。本文為了揭示一般感恩在特定的運動情境具有可複製或再檢證性，以及強調感恩在運動情境的特色與貢獻，共分三部分綜述：第一部分，首先針對一般「感恩」的概念、理論基礎做介紹，並說明感恩測量工具的建構與發展以及感恩對幸福感的影響，其後，說明感恩的培養或介入效果。緊接著，第二部分帶出運動心理學領域，依序說明運動員感恩研究的萌芽期與發展期所累積的成果貢獻與突破。第三部分，提出有別於一般情境，感恩在運動情境中的突破方向。在以績效為目標的競技環境中，鼓吹讓心理更健康加入運動訓練中雖然是嚴峻的挑戰，但感恩可以讓運動員在最適心理功能的狀態下展現最佳的競技成果，是個值得繼續致力的研究主題。
英文摘要

The study of ＂gratitude＂ has become an increasingly important hot topic in positive psychology field. Mention to the research achievement, various of theoretical concepts and empirical evidences have been accumulated and published. Follow - up ＂gratitude＂ research has been applied and extended from the general situation to the specific situation, such as some sports psychologists join the gratitude research. In the initial stages, the ＂gratitude in sport field＂ research had been questioned and ignored due to gratitude could not improve the athlete' energy and performance soon and directly. Fortunately, gratitude has been acknowledged and valued gradually due to it brings athletes' an additional function ＂psychologically healthier＂ beside prime goals ＂Faster - Higher - Stronger＂ all athletes pursue. This article aims to re-examine study results from specific sports gratitude on the analogy of general situation gratitude, and emphasize the characteristics and contributions of gratitude in the context of sports. This article is divided into three parts: the first part introduces the theoretical concept, measurement tool of gratitude, and then clarify contemporary theory underpinning the relationship between gratitude and athletes' well-being. Some intervention that aim to enhance the effects of gratitude on well-being are also reviewed. The second part is about a systematic review of the psychological process and theoretical boundaries of gratitude in sport psychology in particular during two stages of initial germination and development. The third part, finally, we propose a breakthrough about gratitude in sport psychology different from gratitude in general situation. Though Faster - Higher - Stronger is presented as the golden ideal in sport, some scholars (including us) have attempted to introduce concepts from positive psychology such as gratitude because we believe that optimal performance depends on psychological health as well as physical health. In the performance-oriented competitive environment, investigating the benefit of gratitude on athletes' well-being is not a well-went road, but it is nonetheless a worthy endeavor.
主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
参考文献
  1. Adler, M. G.,Fagley, N. S.(2005).Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being.Journal of Personality,73,79-114.
  2. Andersson, L. M.,Giacalone, R. A.,Jurkiewicz, C. L.(2007).On the relationship of hope and gratitude to corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,70(4),401-409.
  3. Aparicio, M.,Centeno, C.,Robinson, C.,Arantzamendi, M.(2019).Gratitude between patients and their families and health professionals: A scoping review.Journal of Nursing Management,27,286-300.
  4. Bartlett, M. Y.,Condon, P.,Cruz, J.,Baumann, J.,Desteno, D.(2012).Gratitude: Prompting behaviours that build relationships.Cognition & Emotion,26,2-13.
  5. Bernstein, A.,Hadash, Y.,Lichtash, Y.,Tanay, G.,Shepherd, K.,Fresco, D. M.(2015).Decentering and related constructs: A critical review and metacognitive processes model.Perspectives on Psychological Science,10,599-617.
  6. Borsboom, D.,Mellenbergh, G. J.,van Heerden, J.(2003).The theoretical status of latent variables.Psychological Review,110,203-219.
  7. Brady, A.(Ed.),Grenville-Cleave, B.(Ed.)(2017).Positive psychology in sport and physical activity: An introduction.Oxford:Rutledge.
  8. Brown, K. W.,Ryan, R. M.(2003).The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological wellbeing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84,822-848.
  9. Carlson, E. N.(2013).Overcoming the barriers to self-knowledge: Mindfulness as a path to seeing yourself as you really are.Perspectives on Psychological Science,8,173-186.
  10. Chen, L. H.(2013).Gratitude and adolescent athletes’ wellbeing: The multiple mediating roles of perceived social support from coaches and teammates.Social Indicators Research,114,273-285.
  11. Chen, L. H.,Chang, Y.-P.(2014).Cross-lagged associations between gratitude and adolescent athlete burnout.Current Psychology,33,460-478.
  12. Chen, L. H.,Chang, Y.-P.(2017).Sport-domain gratitude uniquely accounts for athletes’ well-being across two cultures: Incremental validity above the general gratitude.The Journal of Positive Psychology,12,651-659.
  13. Chen, L. H.,Chen, M.-Y.,Kee, Y. H.,Tsai, Y.-M.(2009).Validation of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ) in Taiwanese undergraduate students.Journal of Happiness Studies,10,655-664.
  14. Chen, L. H.,Kee, Y. H.(2008).Gratitude and adolescent athletes’ well-being.Social Indicators Research,89(2),361-373.
  15. Chen, L. H.,Kee, Y. H.,Chen, M.-Y.(2015).Why grateful adolescent athletes are more satisfied with their life: The mediating role of perceived team cohesion.Social Indicators Research,124(2),463-476.
  16. Chen, L. H.,Wu, C. -H.,Chen, S.(2015).Gratitude and athlete’ life satisfaction: A intra-individual analysis on the moderation of ambivalence over emotional expression.Social Indicators Research,123(1),227-239.
  17. Chen, L. H.,Wu, C.-H.(2014).Gratitude enhances change in athletes’ self-esteem: The moderating role of trust in coach.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,26,349-362.
  18. Chen, L. H.,Wu, C.-H.,Chang, J.-H.(2017).Gratitude and athletes’ life satisfaction: The moderating role of mindfulness.Journal of Happiness Studies,18,1147-1159.
  19. Chen, L.H.,Wu,C.-H.(2016).When does dispositional gratitude help athletes move away from experiential avoidance? The moderating role of perceived autonomy support from coaches.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,28,338-349.
  20. Clore, G. L.,Ortony, A.,Foss, M. A.(1987).The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,53,751-766.
  21. Dunn, J. G. H.,Gotwals, J. K.,Dunn, J. C.(2005).An examination of the domain specificity of perfectionism among intercollegiate student-athletes.Personality and Individual Differences,38(6),1439-1448.
  22. Emmons, R. A.,McCullough, M. E.(2003).Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84,377-389.
  23. Falkenstern, M.,Schiffrin, H. H.,Nelson, S. K.,Ford, L.,Keyser, C.(2009).Mood over matter: Can happiness be your undoing?.The Journal of Positive Psychology,4,365-371.
  24. Fehr, R.,Fulmer, A.,Awtrey, E.,Miller, J.(2017).The grateful workplace: A multilevel model of gratitude in organizations.Academy of Management Review,42,361-381.
  25. Foster, D.,Maynard, I.,Butt, J.,Hays, K.(2016).Delivery of psychological skills training to youngsters.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,28,62-77.
  26. Fredrickson, B. L.(2004).Gratitude, like other positive emotion, broadens and builds.The psychology of gratitude,New York:
  27. Fredrickson, B. L.(2001).The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.American Psychologist,56,218-226.
  28. Fredrickson, B. L.(2004).The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences,359,1367-1377.
  29. Fredrickson, B. L.(1998).What good are positive emotions?.Review of General Psychology,2(3),300-319.
  30. Fredrickson, B. L.,Joiner, T.(2002).Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being.Psychological Science,13,172-175.
  31. Froh, J. J.,Fan, J.,Emmons, R. A.,Bono, G.,Huebner, E. S.,Watkins, P.(2011).Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents.Psychological Assessment,23,311-324.
  32. Froh, J. J.,Sefick, W. J.,Emmons, R. A.(2008).Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being.Journal of School Psychology,46,213-233.
  33. Frost, R. (1916). Mountain interval. NY: Henry Holt.
  34. Gabana, N. T.,Steinfeldt, J. A.,Wong, Y. J.,Chung, Y. B.(2017).Gratitude, burnout, and sport satisfaction among college student-athletes: The mediating role of perceived social support.Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,11,14-33.
  35. Gabana, N. T.,Steinfeldt, J.,Wong, Y. J.,Chung, Y. B.,Svetina, D.(2019).Attitude of gratitude: Exploring the implementation of a gratitude intervention with college athletes.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,31,273-284.
  36. Gilman, R.(Ed.),Huebner, E. S.(Ed.),Furlong, M.(Ed.)(2009).Handbook of positive psychology in schools.New York:Routledge.
  37. Good, D. J.,Lyddy, C. J.,Glomb, T. M.,Bono, J. E.,Brown, K. W.,Duffy, M. K.,Lazar, S. W.(2016).Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review.Journal of Management,42,114-142.
  38. Goodger, K.,Gorely, T.,Lavallee, D.,Harwood, C.(2007).Burnout in sport: A systematic review.The Sport Psychologist,21,121-157.
  39. Gordon, A. M.,Impett, E. A.,Kogan, A.,Oveis, C.,Keltner, D.(2012).To have and to hold: Gratitude promotes relationship maintenance in intimate bonds.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,103(2),257-274.
  40. Grant, A. M.,Gino, F.(2010).A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98,946-955.
  41. Hayes, S. C.,Wilson, K. G.,Gifford, E. V.,Follette, V. M.,Strosahl, K.(1996).Experimental avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,64,1152-1168.
  42. Heider, F.(1958).The psychology of interpersonal relations.New York:Wiley.
  43. Hsu, S.-C.,Kuo, C.-C.,Ni, Y.-L.,Chen, L. H..The power of gratitude in sports: A qualitative exploration of Olympic athletes’ gratitude experiences.International Journal of Sport Psychology
  44. Kashdan, T. B.,Mishra, A.,Breen, W. E.,Froh, J. J.(2009).Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions, and changes in psychological needs.Journal of Personality,77,691-730.
  45. Kashdan, T. B.,Uswatte, G.,Steger, M. F.,Julian, T.(2006).Fragile self-esteem and affective instability in posttraumatic stress disorder.Behaviour Research and Therapy,44,1609-1619.
  46. Kleiman, E. M.,Adams, L. M.,Kashdan, T. B.,Riskind, J. H.(2013).Grateful individuals are not suicidal: Buffering risks associated with hopelessness and depressive symptoms.Personality and Individual Differences,56(5),595-599.
  47. Lambert, N. M.,Fincham, F. D.,Stillman, T. F.(2011).Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion.Cognition and Emotion,26,615-633.
  48. Lambert, N. M.,Graham, S. M.,Fincham, F. D.,Stillman, T. F.(2009).A changed perspective: How gratitude can affect sense of coherence through positive reframing.The Journal of Positive Psychology,4,461-470.
  49. Lambie, J. A.(2007).On the irrationality of emotion and the rationality of awareness.Consciousness and Cognition,17(3),946-971.
  50. Lambie, J. A.,Marcel, A. J.(2002).Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework.Psychological Review,109(2),219-259.
  51. Leary, M. R.,Baumeister, R. F.(2000).The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,London:
  52. Lee, H. W.,Bradburn, J.,Johnson, R. E.,Lin, S.-H.,Chang, C. H.(2019).The benefits of receiving gratitude for helpers: A daily investigation of proactive and reactive helping at work.Journal of Applied Psychology,104,197-213.
  53. Lewis, C.,Marx, J.(1990).Inside track: My professional life in amateur track and field.New York:Simon and Schuster.
  54. Lopez, S. J.(Ed.),Snyder, C. R.(Ed.)(2003).Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
  55. Lyubomirsky, S.,Sheldon, K. M.,Schkade, D.(2005).Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change.Review of General Psychology,9(2),111-131.
  56. Markus, H. R.,Uchida, Y.,Omoregie, H.,Townsend, S. S. M.,Kitayama, S.(2006).Going for the gold: Models of agency in Japanese and American contexts.Psychological Science,17(2),103-112.
  57. McCraty, R.,Childre, D.(2004).The grateful heart: The Psychophysiology of Appreciation.The Psychology of gratitude
  58. McCullough, M. E.,Emmons, R. A.,Tsang, J.-A.(2002).The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82,112-127.
  59. McCullough, M. E.,Kilpatrick, S. D.,Emmons, R. A.,Larson, D. B.(2001).Is gratitude a moral affect?.Psychological Bulletin,127,249-266.
  60. McCullough, M. E.,Kimeldorf, M. B.,Cohen, A. D.(2008).An adaptation for altruism? The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude.Current Directions in Psychological Science,17,281-285.
  61. McCullough, M. E.,Tsang, J.-A.,Emmons, R. A.(2004).Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful mood to individual differences and daily emotional experience.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85,295-309.
  62. Meyer, R. D.,Dalal, R. S.,Hermida, R.(2010).A review and synthesis of situational strength in the organizational sciences.Journal of Management,36(1),121-140.
  63. Ortony, A.,Clore, G. L.,Collins, A.(1988).The cognitive structure of emotions.NY:Cambridge University Press.
  64. Pacewicz, C. E.,Mellano, K. T.,Smith, A. L.(2019).A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social constructs and athlete burnout.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,43,155-164.
  65. Peterson, C.,Ruch, W.,Beermann, U.,Park, N.,Seligman, M. E. P.(2007).Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction.The Journal of Positive Psychology,2,149-156.
  66. Peterson, C.,Seligman, M. E. P.(2004).Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification.Oxford University Press.
  67. Rey, L.,Sánchez-Álvarez, N.,Extremera, N.(2018).Spanish Gratitude Questionnaire: Psychometric properties in adolescents and relationships with negative and positive psychological outcomes.Personality and Individual Differences,135,173-175.
  68. Salim, J.,Wadey, R..Using gratitude to promote sport injury-related growth.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
  69. Seligman, M. E. P.(2011).Flourish.New York:Simon & Schuster.
  70. Seligman, M. E. P.,Csikszentmihalyi, M.(2000).Positive psychology: An introduction.American Psychologist,55,5-14.
  71. Seligman, M. E. P.,Steen, T. A.,Park, N.,Peterson, C.(2005).Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions.American Psychologist,60,410-421.
  72. Sheldon, K. M.,King, L.(2001).Why positive psychology is necessary.American Psychologist,56(3),216-217.
  73. Sheldon, K. M.,Lyubomirsky, S.(2004).Achieving sustainable new happiness: Prospects, practices, and prescriptions.Positive psychology in practice,Hoboken, NJ:
  74. Simmel, G.(1950).The sociology of Georg Simmel.Glencoe, IL:Free Press.
  75. Snyder, C. R.(Ed.),Lopez, S. J.(Ed.)(2005).Handbook of positive psychology.New York:Oxford University Press.
  76. Snyder, C. R.,Lopez, S. J.(2007).Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths.Thousand Oaks, Calif:Sage Publications.
  77. Tedeschi, R. G.,Calhoun, L. G.(1996).The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma.Journal of Traumatic Stress,9,455-471.
  78. Tesser, A.,Gatewood, R.,Driver, M.(1968).Some determinants of gratitude.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,9,233-236.
  79. Tsang, J.-A.(2006).Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude.Cognition & Emotion,20(1),138-148.
  80. Valdez, J. P. M.,Chu, S. K. W.(2018).Examining the psychometric validity of the five-item Gratitude Questionnaire: An item response theory approach.Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
  81. Valdez, J. P. M.,Yang, W.,Datu, J. A. D.(2017).Validation of the Gratitude Questionnaire in Filipino secondary school students.The Spanish Journal of Psychology,20
  82. Watkins, E.(2004).Appraisals and strategies associated with rumination and worry.Personality and Individual Differences,37(4),679-694.
  83. Watkins, P. C.,Woodward, K.,Stone, T.,Kolts, R.(2003).Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and relationships with subjective well-being.Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal,31(5),431-452.
  84. Weiner, B.(1985).An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.Psychological Review,92,548-573.
  85. Wood, A. M.,Froh, J. J.,Geraghty, A. W. A.(2010).Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration.Clinical Psychology Review,30,890-905.
  86. Wood, A. M.,Joseph, S.,Linley, P. A.(2007).Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people.Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology,26,1076-1093.
  87. Wood, A. M.,Joseph, S.,Maltby, J.(2009).Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets.Personality and Individual Differences,46(4),443-447.
  88. Wood, A. M.,Maltby, J.,Stewart, N.,Joseph, S.(2008).Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait.Personality and Individual Differences,44,619-630.
  89. Wood, A. M.,Maltby, J.,Stewart, N.,Linley, P. A.,Joseph, S.(2008).A social-cognitive model of trait and state levels of gratitude.Emotion,8(2),281-290.
  90. Woods, S. A.,Wille, B.,Wu, C.-H.,Lievens, F.,De Fruyt, F.(2019).The influence of work on personality trait development : The demands - a ffordances TrAnsactional (DATA) model, an integrative review, and research agenda.Journal of Vocational Behavior,110,258-271.
  91. Zeng, Y.,Ling, Y.,Huebner, E. S.,He, Y.,Lei, X.(2017).The psychometric properties of the 5-item gratitude questionnaire in Chinese adolescents.Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,24,203-210.
被引用次数
  1. 陳龍弘,許詩淇(2022)。運動員感恩：從個別差異到團隊氣候。中華體育季刊，36(2)，189-200。
print cancel