题名 |
古漢語主動意義之「見」字語法探討 |
并列篇名 |
The Grammatical Function of the Active Usage of "見" in Archaic Chinese |
DOI |
10.6258/bcla.2001.54.04 |
作者 |
魏岫明(Hsiu-Ming Wei) |
关键词 |
見 ; 被動式 ; 主動式 ; 動詞詞頭 ; 動詞虛化 ; 動賓結構 ; 賓語省略 ; 漢語稱代詞 ; Active ; passive ; function word ; verb prefix in Chinese ; verb-object conshuction ; selial verb conshuction. |
期刊名称 |
臺大文史哲學報 |
卷期/出版年月 |
54期(2001 / 05 / 01) |
页次 |
69 - 94 |
内容语文 |
繁體中文 |
中文摘要 |
本文討論古代漢語中主動意義的「見」字語法功能,說明如「見背」、「見諒」、「見愛」、「見託」之類的「見」字(本文稱之為「見2」),與「見棄」、「見殺」、「見欺」一類表被動意義的「見」(本文稱之為「見1」)字語法性質差異。本文於第二節中陳述以往學者對此一問題的看法,第三節中則對歷來學者大致同意的看法,及遵循呂叔湘所主張的「見」字為第一身人稱代詞之省略說法,提出不同意見,認為「見2」並非人稱指代詞。本文主要提出下列四點理由:第一,「見2V」後的賓語並不固定,可以是第一、第二、甚或第三人稱代詞。第二,「見2V」後的賓語甚至可以是一般名詞,不必是人稱代詞。第三,「見2」字不像一般人稱代詞出現的環境較自由,它只能出現在動詞前面,而且通常也只能代稱賓語,語境太嚴格。第四,「見」字原本詞義根本與「我」或「自己」無涉。第四節中並根據唐鈺明、董志翹等人所舉例證說明「見2V」後面的賓語未必一定省略。本文又列舉先秦兩漢典籍中之例證說明賓語不能省略的現象,並非僅存在於晚期漢語的語料中,早在《韓非子》、《戰國策》及《史記》等上古漢語語料中就已存在。本文主張在語法結構上「見2V」為動詞,其後的確有賓語的存在,只不過此種賓語在表面結構上可以出現也可不出現,而通常情形是賓語被省略不出現,「見2V」與其後之賓語形成動賓結構的關係,這類賓語皆為指涉人的名詞,往往可以人稱代詞來替代,但卻並非一定要以人稱代詞形式出現。正因為表面上看來「見2V」結構與人稱代詞關係密切,說明了何以歷來學者會將「見2」視為人稱代名詞。本文於第五節及結論中說明「見」字的來源及其語法功能。「見1V」是被動結構,「見1」本是源自「遭受」之意,後來漸漸虛化成表被動意義的語法記號;「見2V」則是主動結構,「見2」本是源自「見面」之意的連動結構,後來發展過程中「見」字的動詞意義消失,便逐漸虛化成不帶語意的語法標記,用來標明「見2V」為主動句形式,同時也標明了「見2V」之後有受事賓語的存在,雖然此一受事賓語在表面結構上往往不出現。「見2VO」為動賓結構,由於「見2」和其後之動詞「V」之間結合關係緊密,中間不容許任何詞項的插入;而發展成熟的「見2V」結構中,「見2」已不帶實際動詞意義,是故「見2V」應被視為單一個動詞,而「見2」為語法功能標記,而非具實際語意的實詞,因此本文傾向將其歸類為動詞詞頭。 |
英文摘要 |
This article deals with the grammatical fuction of the word 「見」 in Archaic Chinese. Besides the regular use of the verb 「見」, there were two usages of the word 「見」, one passive, one active, I divides these two usges as passive 「見1V」 structure and active 「見2V」 structure. The research on 「見1V」 structure, which used to treat 「見1V」 as a passive construction, is agreed by most scholars; while it is not the same case for the study of 「見2V」 structure. Traditionaly, some scholars have treated 「見2」 as the objective case of the first person pronoun, standing for the use of ”me”. This opinion has been long adopted since 呂叔湘 first claimed it. But in the past two decades, different approaches to this issue began to arise. Objecting to this traditional view, I would suggest that 「見2」 was not the first person pronoun. I would also substantiate my argument that 「見2」 was the grammatical morpheme for the active construction. Since 「見2」 must and only occure before the verb, and since its original verbal meaning 「見面 (to meet someone)」 has gradually disappeared. This paper suggests that 「見2」 should be classified as a verb prefix. In other words, 「見2V」 was once a serial verb structure, but later 「見2」 was reduced to be a verb prefix which only functined as a grammatical morpheme of active construction.In addition, I also suggests that 「見2V」 construction was a verb-object structure, it had an object which might or might not occur in the surface structure, and usually the object was deleted. It is interesting to find that 「見1V」 and 「見2V」 had opposite grammatical function, and yet both could occur at the same time and even in the same paragraph. How did the ancient Chinese distinguish them without being confused, and why was the object after 「見2V」 usually deleted still remain as unsolved problems. |
主题分类 |
人文學 >
人文學綜合 人文學 > 歷史學 人文學 > 中國文學 |
参考文献 |
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