帛《易》源流蠡測

On the Origin and Development of the Book of Changes copied on Silk

10.7065/MRPC.200706.0043

劉大鈞(Da-Jun Liu)

帛書周易 ； 今本周易 ； 田何 ； 今文易 ； 周王孫 ； 古義 ； Zhouyi ； Tian He ； Zhou Wangsun ； Jing Fang

哲學與文化

34卷6期（2007 / 06 / 01）

43 - 52

繁體中文

今本《周易》為王弼所傳東漢費直古文易本。考之竹簡本，今本與竹本大體相似，證明了今本確為古文易本無疑。而帛本《周易》應為漢初田何所傳今文《易》本。理由有二：一，從時間上說，帛本經傳的抄寫時間應在文帝或文帝之前，基本可界定在高祖至呂後執政的二十餘年間，這符合漢初傳易「本於田何一家」的史書記載。二，從學術歸屬上看，帛《易》以「乖」代「睽」、以「禮」代「履」作卦名，顯然受到《序卦》「睽者，乖也」、「履者，禮也」的影響，此與漢初田何一系「訓詁舉大誼」的學風也很相似。田何所傳今文《易》本，包括「今義」和「古義」兩方面，「今義」指以「德行」「仁義」談《易》的內容，「古義」指占筮及陰陽災變的內容。帛書經文卦序與京房《易》八宮卦序的密切關係，及帛本《易傳》中大量孔子論陰陽五行、占筮夢兆的語句，都反映了馬王堆帛本《易》可能為史籍所載田何弟子周王孫所持「古義」的傳抄本。

The received version of Zhouyi (also called Yi, the Book of Changes) is inconsistent with the version revised by Wang Bi, who adopted Fei Zhi's ancient-character (also called Zhuan shu) version of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Drawing reference from the bamboo slips manuscript Zhouyi, we can see that the content of the received version is generally similar to the bamboo slips one, doubtlessly demonstrating that the received version belongs to the Zhouyi in ancient characters and the Mawangdui silk manuscript should belong to then the new-character (of the Han Dynasty) (also called Li shu) version transmitted by Tian He in the beginning of the Western Han (206BC-25AD). There are two reasons for this conclusion. One is that, the time when the silk manuscript was transcribed should be during or before the reign of Emperor Wen (r. 179-163 BC) and can be basically limited to the over 20 years from the reigns of Emperor Gao (r. 206-194 BC) to Queen Lü (r. 187-179 BC), conforming to the historical records that the transmission of the Yi ”originated singly from Tian He”; The other is that, by the academic attribution, the hexagrams' names are evidently affected by the interpretations of the names in the Orderly Sequences of the Hexagrams (Xu Gua), being similar to Tian He's academic style. The Text of the new-character Zhouyi transmitted by Tian He includes two aspects of ”new connotations” and ”ancient connotations”, the former involve in ”virtues” and ”benevolence & righteousness”, the latter in divination. The correlation between the arrangement of the hexagrams' order by Jing Fang and that in the silk manuscript, the large number of Confucius' remarks on Yin-yang, Five-element, and divination in the Commentaries on Yi copied on silk unearthed reflect that the silk manuscript Zhouyi was probably a transcription from the Text of ”ancient connotations” handed down by Zhou Wangsun, one of Tian He's disciples.