多瑪斯論三超德：信、望、愛

Thomas Aquinas' Three Supernatural Virtues: Faith, Hope and Charity

10.7065/MRPC.200903.0063

張振東(Chang Aloysius)

信 ； 聰敏 ； 明達 ； 望德 ； 失望 ； 妄望 ； 愛 ； 喜樂 ； 平安 ； 三超德 ； Faith ； Knowledge ； Understanding ； Virtue of Hope ； Despair ； Presumption ； Charity ； Joy ； Peace ； Three Supernatural Virtues

哲學與文化

36卷3期（2009 / 03 / 01）

63 - 79

繁體中文

信望愛三德是天主教的基本道理，稱為向天主之德。多瑪斯在《神學大全》中文本第七冊與第八冊內講述甚詳。信德稱為諸德之首，因為相信天主存在，祂是全美善的，創造宇宙萬物，賞善罰惡的大主宰，人在世應該崇敬祂，遵守祂的誡命。望德是跟隨信德而來，因為相信天主是人生的終向與歸宿，人渴望獲得天主，蒙天主的寵愛與護佑。由此：人以愛德的熱情敬愛天主，守天主的誡命，做天主所喜愛的事情，「愛天主愛人」。此三者皆以天主為目標。因為認識相信天主，渴望得到天主，因而愛慕天主。三者一脈相連，以天主為中心。 在信德的道理中，多瑪斯講述了信德的本質、信德的對象、信德的行為，與信德有關的聰敏及明達，相反信德的惡習，不信、異端、褻瀆等事情。 在望德的道理中，多瑪斯講述了望德的本身與主體，與望德有關的敬畏，相反望德的惡習失望與妄望。 在愛德的道理中。多瑪斯講述了愛德的本質與主體，愛德的對象，愛德的行為「愛」。與愛德行為有關的喜樂、平安、憐憫、施惠、施捨、規勸。相反愛德的心境，沮喪、嫉妒，相反愛德的現象，不睦、爭論、分裂、戰爭、爭鬥、叛亂。相反正義與惡表。與愛德相稱的智慧及相反的愚笨等。以上多瑪斯皆逐條細講。

Faith, hope and charity, the fundamental principles of Catholicism, are known as the theological virtues. Thomas Aquinas elaborates the three supernatural virtues amply in the seventh and eighth volumes of the Chinese edition of Summa Theologica. The virtue of faith is so-called the first of all virtues, since it's the faith in the existence of God. God is all beautiful and all good. He is the creator of the universe and all things as well as the arbiter who punishes evil doers and rewards good doers. Men should worship Him and follow His commandments. Next to the virtue of faith is the virtue of hope, because it's faith that God is the final destination of man. Man aspires to attain God and receive God's grace and blessing. Therefore, man reveres and loves God with the passion for virtue, obeys His commandments, does what pleases God, loves God and loves men. All the three virtues are ore oriented toward God. Knowing and believing God makes one aspire for Him and then adore Him. These three virtues are related to one another with God in the center. On the virtue of faith, Aquinas addresses: faith itself, the object and act of faith; the corresponding gifts, knowledge and understanding; and the opposite vices, unbelief, heresy and blasphemy. On the virtue of hope, Aquinas deals with: hope itself and the subject of hope; the corresponding gift of fear; and the contrary vices, despair and presumption. On the virtue of charity, Aquinas explains in details: charity itself and the subject of charity; the object of charity; the act of charity, ”loving”; the pertaining joy, mercy, beneficence, alms deeds and fraternal correction; the opposite states of mind, despair and envy; the contrary phenomena, discord, contention, schism, war, strife, sedition and scandal; the corresponding gift of wisdom; and folly, which is opposed to wisdom.

1. 聖多瑪斯·阿奎那(2008)。神學大全。台南碧岳學社。
2. 聖多瑪斯·阿奎那(2008)。神學大全。台南碧岳學社。

1. 楊傑(2021)。Humilitas est specialis virtus：多瑪斯如何將「謙卑」構建為一種德行？。哲學與文化，48(12)，69-86。