「神學意志論」與當代上帝誡命理論

"Theological Voluntarism" and Contemporary Divine Command Theory

10.7065/MRPC.201005.0153

劉若韶(Edward Yeuk Siu Lau)

神學意志論 ； 上帝誡命理論 ； 知性或意志之優位 ； Theological Voluntarism ； Divine Command Theory ； Primacy of the Will or the Intellect

哲學與文化

37卷5期（2010 / 05 / 01）

153 - 172

繁體中文

自從昆因在1990年將上帝誡命理論稱為神學意志論，「神學意志論」一詞逐漸被倫理學與宗教哲學學者所接受，或者用來取代「上帝誡命理論」一詞，或者用作後者的同義詞。但是，「神學意志論」一詞也在一些哲學辭書中出現，其涵義卻有所不同。本文嘗試釐清「神學意志論」的意義，指出一般哲學辭書中的「神學意志論」通常意指信仰論，與昆因的用法不同。另一方面，在研究中世紀神學和哲學的論著中，「意志論」常被用來指稱與知性論對立的一個神學和哲學傳統。此中世紀的意志論傳統是否就是昆因所指稱的神學意志論傳統，是一個值得研究的課題。筆者嘗試指出，雖然中世紀意志論者確實主張道德義務取決於上帝的意志，昆因、亞當斯等人的當代上帝誡命理論在道德義務理論部分與中世紀意志論相合，在道德價值理論部分卻與知性論相近，因此可以視為中世紀知性論與意志論論點的綜合型態。

Since Philip Quinn employed the term ”theological voluntarism” in 1990 to signify divine command theory, it has been adopted in ethics and philosophy of religion as either a synonym of or a replacement for divine command theory. I argue that the term ”theological voluntarism” in Quinn's terminology, standing for any theory which holds that morality depends on the commands or the will of God, has to be distinguished from the same term as it appears in various encyclopedia and dictionaries of philosophy, which signifies the fideistic position that religious beliefs have no need to be justified by means of rational proofs. While Quinn might identify theological voluntarism with the voluntarist tradition in medieval theology and philosophy, I argue that the divine command theories of Quinn and Robert Adams can be considered as an attempt at synthesis of medieval intellectualist and voluntarist doctrines.

1. Murphy, Mark, "Theological Voluntarism." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta.
2. Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. 5 volumes. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1948.
3. “Eisler: Wörterbuch: Voluntarismus (Volitionismus, Ethelismus）.” Historische Texte & Wörterbûcher. 20 June 2009. .
4. “Voluntarism.” Oxford English Dictionary Online. 25 June 2009. .
5. Adams, Robert Merrihew(1987).The Virtue of Faith and Other Essays in Philosophical Theology.New York:Oxford University Press.
6. Adams, Robert Merrihew(1999).Finite and Infinite Goods: A Framework for Ethics.New York:Oxford University Press.
7. Adams, Robert Merrihew(2004).Voluntarism and the Shape of a History.Utilitas,16(2),124-132.
8. Aquinas, Thomas,Bourke, Vernon J. (trans.)(1975).Summa Contra Gentiles.Notre Dame, Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press.
9. Aquinas, Thomas,Schmidt, Robert W. (trans.)(1994).Truth, Volume III: Questions XXI-XXIX.Indianapolis, Indiana:Hackett.
10. Beaty, Michael D.(ed.)(1990).Christian Theism and the Problems of Philosophy.Notre Dame, Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press.
11. Becker, Lawrence C. (ed.),Becker, Charlotte B. (ed.)(2001).Encyclopedia of Ethics.New York:Routledge.
12. Blackburn, Simon(1994).The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
13. Bunnin, Nicholas ,Yu, Jiyuan(2004).The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy.Malden, Massachusetts:Blackwell.
14. Copleston, Frederick, S.J.(1979).A History of Philosophy, Volume 3: Ockham to Suarez.Garden City, New York:Doubleday and Company.
15. Copleston, Frederick, S.J.(1979).A History of Philosophy, Volume 2: Augustine to Scotus.Garden City, New York:Doubleday and Company.
16. Copp, David (ed.)(2006).The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory.New York:Oxford University Press.
17. Craig, Edward (ed.)(1998).The Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.London:Routledge.
18. Cudworth, Ralph(1976).A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality [1731].New York:Garland.
19. Darwall, Stephan(1997).Philosophical Ethics: An Historical and Contemporary Introduction.Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press.
20. Dilhle, Albrecht(1982).The Theory of Will in Classical Antiquity.Berkeley, California:University of California Press.
21. Duns Scotus, John,Wolter, Allan B.(ed.)(trans.)(1986).Duns Scotus on the Will and Morality.Washington, D.C.:Catholic University of America Press.
22. Edwards, Paul (ed.)(1967).The Encyclopedia of Philosophy.New York:Macmillan.
23. Feinberg, Joel(ed.),Shafer-Landau, Russ(ed.)(2008).Reason and Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy.Belmont, California:Thomson/Wadsworth.
24. Foley, Richard,Audi, Robert(ed.)(1995).The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
25. Idziak, Janine Marie(ed.)(1979).Divine Command Morality: Historical and Contemporary Readings.New York:Edwin Mellen Press.
26. Lacoste, Jean-Yves (ed.)(2005).Encyclopedia of Christian Theology.New York:Routledge.
27. LaFollette, Hugh (ed.)(2000).The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory.Malden, Massachusetts:Blackwell.
28. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm,Farrer, Austin(ed.),Huggard, E. M.(trans.)(1952).Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil [1710].New Haven, Connecticut:Yale University Press.
29. Matthews, Gareth B.(ed.)(1999).The Augustinian Tradition.Berkeley, California:University of California Press.
30. Phillips, Dewi Zephaniah(ed.)(1996).Religion and Morality.London:Macmillan.
31. Quinn, Philip L.(1990).The Recent Revival of Divine Command Ethics.Philosophy and Phenomenological Research,50(Supplement),345-365.
32. Schneewind, Jerome B.(1998).The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy.New York:Cambridge University Press.
33. Wierenga, Edward R.(1983).A Defensible Divine Command Theory.Noûs,17(3),387-407.
34. Wierenga, Edward R.(1989).The Nature of God: An Inquiry into Divine Attributes.Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press.

1. 王子欣(2011)。2010年台灣地區宗教類期刊篇目索引。輔仁宗教研究，23，185-213。