《孟子》反映的倫理學型態－從德性倫理學的觀點看

The Mode of Ethics as Reflected by Mengzi-From the Perspective of Virtue Ethics

10.7065/MRPC.201005.0019

英冠球(Koon Kau Ludwig Ying)

孟子 ； 四端之心 ； 道德禀賦 ； 德性 ； 道德法則 ； 德性倫理學 ； 律則倫理學 ； Mengzi ； the Heart of the Four Sprouts of Goodness ； Moral Capacity ； Virtue ； Moral Laws ； Virtue Ethics ； Rule Ethics

哲學與文化

37卷5期（2010 / 05 / 01）

19 - 40

繁體中文

對孟子倫理學義理的詮釋，康德式的詮釋進路是迄今主流。而本文的主旨在於，以德性倫理學的角度闡發孟子倫理學思想同樣是有相當價值的選擇。由於篇幅所限，本文將集中以孟子性善論的核心論述為研究焦點，以說明孟子的倫理學思想以人內在的道德禀賦、道德品質為善，人的價值、道德判斷的基礎在於人能否自覺與生俱來的善端並擴充存養而成仁義禮智之德，道德本心的體與用亦須藉這擴充存養的發展過程以得充分的理解和說明。本文將援引德性倫理學家斯樂德(Michael Slote)和赫詩侯絲(Rosalind Hursthouse)的理論資源，論證孟子的義理亦能從「德性倫理學」的倫理學型態予以詮釋，此種詮釋不必與康德式詮釋進路相衝突，反倒對我們更全面掌握孟子的睿識提供了極為重要的補充。

Regarding Mengzi's ethical doctrines, the Kantian interpretation has been so far the mainstream approach. The theme of this paper is point out that to explicate Mengzi's ethical thought from the perspective of virtue ethics is also a quite valuable option. Due to the limits of space, this article focuses on the central discourse of Mengzi's doctrine of good human nature in order to explain how the inner moral capacity and moral quality are considered the goodness of human nature in Mengzi's ethical thought. The judgment of one's value and morality is based on whether he or she can be aware of the natural born sprouts of goodness and thus develop/cultivate them into the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom. Also, it takes this very process of development/cultivation to fully understand and explain the immanence and application of the original moral mind. Here we will invoke Michael Slote's and Rosalind Hursthouse's theories to argue that Mengzi's doctrines can also be interpreted through virtue ethics. This approach does not necessarily conflict with the Kantian approach; on the contrary, it is an extremely important complement if we want to grasp Mengzi's wisdom completely.

1. Baron, Marcia W.,Pettit, Philip,Slote, Michael(1997).Three Methods of Ethics: a Debate.US:Blackwell Publishers.
2. Crisp, Roger(ed.),Slote, Michael(ed.)(1998).Virtue Ethics.New York:Oxford.
3. Engstrom, Stephen(ed.),Whiting, Jennifer(ed.)(1996).Aristotle, Kant, and the Stoics: Rethinking Happiness and Duty.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
4. Hursthouse, Rosalind(1999).On Virtue Ethics.US:Oxford University Press.
5. MacIntyre, Alasdair(1985).After Virtue.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press.
6. Rachels, James(1999).The Elements of Moral Philosophy.US:McGraw-Hill College.
7. Slote, Michael(2001).Morals from Motives.New York:Oxford University Press.
8. Slote, Michael(2007).The Ethics of Care and Empathy.New York:Routledge.
9. Williams, Bernard(1985).Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy.London:Fontana Press.
10. 王邦雄、曾昭旭、楊祖漢(1998)。孟子義理疏解。台北:鵝湖出版社。
11. 石元康(1998)。從中國文化到現代性：典範轉移？。台北:東大圖書股份有限公司。
12. 牟宗三(1989)。中國哲學十九講。台北:學生書局。
13. 牟宗三(1993)。從陸象山到劉蕺山。台北:學生書局。
14. 牟宗三(1991)。心體與性體。台北:正中書局。
15. 李明輝(1990)。儒家與康德。台北:聯經出版事業公司。
16. 李明輝編(1995)。孟子思想的哲學探討。台北:中央研究院文哲研究所。
17. 唐君毅(1989)。中國哲學原論─原性篇。台北:學生書局。
18. 徐復觀(1969)。中國人性論史─先秦篇。台北:台灣商務印書館。
19. 梁濤(2008)。郭店竹簡與思孟學派。北京:中國人民大學出版社。
20. 黃慧英(2005)。儒家倫理：體與用。上海:上海三聯書店。
21. 楊伯峻譯注(2006)。孟子譯注。北京:中華書局。
22. 蔡仁厚(1994)。孔孟荀哲學。台北:學生書局。