Reflective Knowledge and Its Importance

反省知識及其重要性

Ernest Sosa

德性 ； 適切性 ； 反省之知 ； 知之完好 ； Virtue ； Aptness ； Reflective Knowledge ； Knowing Full Well

哲學與文化

41卷3期（2014 / 03 / 01）

7 - 16

英文

知識的例子，是表現的一個特殊例子，它是認知的、知態的、或者是與信念相關的。信念的目標在於真理，當它為真時，就是精準或正確的。信念也可以追求透過能力而獲得真理這個目標，因此信念不僅可以精準（真理）為目標，也可以適切性（某種知識）為目標。信念必須同時獲得真理與知識這兩個目標，才會比只獲得第一個目標的信念還要好。這也是一種為什麼知識本身比起真信念還要好的方式。除此之外，一個信念透過後設適切性的引導而獲得適切性，又是更好的一種表現；它是完全適切的，並昇揚到知之完好的地位。這篇論文就是用來發展並捍衛這些論點。

The case of knowledge is a special case of performance, one that is cognitive or epistemic or doxastic. Belief aims at truth and is accurate or correct if true. Belief can also have the aim of attaining that objective through competence. Belief can aim therefore not just at accuracy (truth), but also at aptness (a kind of knowledge). A belief that attains both aims, that of truth and that of knowledge, is therefore better than one that attains merely the first. That then is a way in which knowledge is as such better than mere true belief. What is more, a belief that is guided to aptness through meta-aptness is better yet; it is fully apt and ascends to the status of knowing full well. This paper develops and defends those theses.