儒家倫理學的開展與挑戰－從儒家如何談論個人與社會說起

The Development and Challenges for Confucian Ethics-The Confucian Thoughts on Individuals and Society

潘小慧(Hsiao-Huei Pan)

儒家 ； 個人 ； 社會 ； 位格 ； 仁學 ； 儒家倫理 ； Confucianism ； Individual ； Society ； Person ； Doctrine of Benevolence (Jen) ； Confucian Ethics

哲學與文化

42卷9期（2015 / 09 / 01）

93 - 106

繁體中文

儒家哲學有濃郁的人文主義關懷，本於對人性與天道的理解建構其學說要旨。有人以為儒家不重視「個人」（或「個體」）及其權利，似乎只強調人的角色及其角色所帶來的義務與責任。或有人以為儒家雖然也主張人是社會人（在社會中的人）或群體人（在群體中的人），但人的個體性似乎隱而不彰。如何面對二十一世紀的全球化和新思潮的挑戰，開出新局？如何依據經典，正確理解並詮釋儒家哲學和儒家倫理？即是本文嘗試努力的目標。本文提出儒家的個人與社會觀，指出「仁者人也」、「仁者愛人」兩層意思概括構成「仁」的豐富內涵，即儒家的「仁學」或哲學人學，正是作為儒家倫理學的基礎。又以「嫂溺」和「乍見孺子將入於井」的故事來說明儒家倫理思考到底有沒有考慮個人？或是只考慮角色？經分析指出，如果將儒家倫理僅詮釋為角色倫理或關係倫理，既不符合事實，也遮蔽了人的主體性和個體性，阻礙儒家哲學作為一整全架構的系統哲學，更不利於儒家哲學全面性的發展。

With strong humanist concerns, Confucian philosophy is constructed on the understanding about human nature and the way of heaven. Some assume that Confucianism value one's role in the society along with the duty and responsibility of the role more than individuals and their rights. And some assume that Confucianism advocates one's role as a member of the society or the collective rather than his or her individuality. What is the development for Confucianism in the 21st century in face of the challenges brought by globalization and new trends? And how do we, based on the classics, understand and interpret correctly Confucian philosophy and Confucian ethics? This article is intended to answer these two questions. Here we point out the Confucian views about individuals and society: the immanence of Confucian ＂doctrine of benevolence (jen)＂-＂Benevolence is the characteristic element of humanity＂ and ＂The benevolent man loves others＂-is the foundation of Confucian ethics. Then, telling the stories ＂rescuing the sister-in-law＂ and seeing a child about to fall into a well,＂ this article illustrates whether Confucian ethics is concerned with individuals or only their roles. It is pointed out after analysis that interpreting Confucian ethics as nothing but role ethics or relation ethics not only is contradictory to the truth but also shelters one's subjectivity and individuality and hinders the development of Confucian philosophy as a comprehensive system of philosophy and its wholesome evolution.

1. 潘小慧(2014)。從中西思想談人與自然的和諧之道。哲學與文化月刊，41(7)
   連結：
2. 中國新聞網(北京)，http://news.163.com/14/0323/16/9SUNH25700014JB6.html
3. 朱熹，《四書章句集註》
4. (1988)。中國文化書院講演錄。北京:三聯書店。
5. Ames, R. T.(2011).Confucian Role Ethics: A Vocabulary.Hong Kong:Chinese University Press.
6. Lin, Yu Sheng(1974).The Evolution of the Pre-Confucian Meaning of Jen and the Confucian Concept of Moral Autonomy.Monumenta Serica,XXXI
7. 布魯格編、項退結編譯(1976)。西洋哲學辭典。臺北:國立編譯館。
8. 杜維明(2014)。儒學的人文精神與生態意識─「仁學」的全球涵義。孔學堂，創刊號
9. 孫隆基(1990)。中國文化的深層結構。臺北:唐山出版社。
10. 徐復觀(1985)。學術與政治之間。臺北:學生書局。
11. 張德勝(1989)。儒家倫理與秩序情結。臺北:巨流圖書公司。
12. 黃慧英(1995)。道德之關懷。臺北:東大圖書公司。
13. 潘小慧(2014)。儒家如何進行倫理思考？─以《孟子》幾個與生命相關的例子為據的討論。清明•弘揚民族獨特傳統文術交化學流會論文選集，西安:
14. 潘小慧(2011)。弘揚中華優秀文化：由德行倫理學看儒家倫理的當代意義。黃帝旗幟‧辛亥百年與民族復興學術研討會論文選集，西安: