鄔昆如的倫理學體系辨析－以《倫理學》一書為核心的探討

On Peter Kun Yu Woo's Framework of Ethics -Informed by Ethics

潘小慧(Hsiao-Huei Pan)

鄔昆如 ； 倫理學 ； 自律與他律 ； 家文化 ； 德行論 ； Peter Kun Yu Woo ； Ethics ； Autonomy and Heteronomy ； Family Culture ； Virtue Ethics

哲學與文化

43卷9期（2016 / 09 / 01）

55 - 70

繁體中文

鄔昆如（1933-2015）的著作豐碩，其中《倫理學》一書，是他在臺灣最暢銷的著作，已高達二十幾版。鄔昆如深受傳統士林哲學教育的影響，也強調倫理學作為實踐哲學的重要性，以為倫理學是「做人的學問」。《倫理學》全書共527頁的篇幅，按其中、晚期學術論文寫作的特殊風格，即「歷史發展、內在涵義、當代意義」的三分方式，亦區分為三部份。在倫理學的基本立場方面，筆者歸納出六點，分別為「以為『內在的心智的行為』才是倫理學的對象」、「以為倫理學的善與惡之意義兼及知性與德性」、「良知∕良心作為主觀道德標準但非唯一標準」、「良知兼及自律與他律」、「預設意志自由」、「按道德主體與道德對象區分各個學說派別」。在倫理學的特點方面，可以說是從批判中建構，反應在「重申倫理學的第一義在於『實踐』，反對以『實然』與『應然』區分後設倫理學和規範倫理學」、「批判實用主義和功利主義的思潮」、「從家文化的沒落到強調『家』文化作為特殊倫理學的基礎」、「指出義務論的偏失」等四點。最後，可以為鄔昆如的倫理學體系歸結出「以德行論作為倫理學的基調」，並承認倫理學本身是不完備的，「倫理學必須訴諸形上學的基礎」以及「倫理學不足之處尚待宗教的補充」。

Among his numerous writings, Ethics is one of Peter Kun Yu Woo's best sellers in Taiwan, publishing more than twenty editions. He was profoundly influenced by traditional scholastic education, emphasizing the importance of ethics as practical philosophy, and convinced that ethics is the knowledge of how to be a man. With five hundred and twenty-seven pages in total, Ethics is divided into three sections-the historical development, the internal immanence and the contemporary meaning- based on the tripartite style characteristic of the writings during the middle and late period of his life. Regarding the fundamental position of ethics, the writer inducts the six points as follows: only the ＂internal and intellectual behaviors＂ is the object of ethics; the meanings of good and evil are assumed to involve intellect and virtues; conscience is one of the subjective standards of morality, but not the only one; conscience involves autonomy and heteronomy; the liberty of will is assumed; the distinctions between all the schools and sects are based on the subject and object of morality. Regarding the features of ethics, Woo's ethics is constructed out of criticism and reflected in the following four points: ＂practice is re-affirmed to be the first meaning of ethics, opposing to distinguishing between meta-ethics and normative ethics as ＂is＂ and ＂ought;＂ emphasizing the family culture as the foundation of special ethics; and pointing out the faults with deontology. From Woo's framework of ethics, we can conclude that the virtue ethics is the foundation of ethics, while admitting that ethics itself is insufficient, it must resorts to the foundation of metaphysics and the insufficiency of ethics should be supplemented by religion.

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