英文摘要
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The attributes of rationalization increase and the feelings of myth and primitive religion decrease, as a civilization moves from the religious age to the philosophical age. The key concept to the coming of the philosophical age is the emergence of moral feelings, whereby the primitive religious feelings are transformed. These moral feelings are expressed most characteristically in Confucianism as the mind of four principles. The representative concepts of the Mo Tsung-san's moral feelings discussed in this article are the "ontological feeling" and the "creative feeling." The writer believes that these two concepts, significant with regards to how the mind-nature theory dealt with the religiousness of Confucianism, point to the mechanism through which original Confucians transformed the existential immanence of the primitive religiousness of Confucianism during the early formative days of the mind-nature theory. However, the writer has two considerations: First, is it possible for this rational transformative function of philosophy to completely eliminate the irrational elements of human nature and drive it toward the purely rational path of math and logic? Second, on the other hand, is it possible for the religiousness of Confucianism to make the primitive religious feelings in human nature and the transformative system of the Confucian mind-nature theory assimilate and absorb one another? In terms of methodologies, the first consideration is called the "transformative system", that is, how the rational and abstract thinking transforms primitive religion in the way of the mind-nature theory and reason. The second consideration is called the transformative/conservative system, which indicates that primitive religious feelings are not removed by analytical thinking after the age of reason comes. Succinctly, this article will inquire two sets of Mo's texts through reflecting on this methodological consciousness. The first part is to discuss ontologically Mo's claim of "cutting off myriad flows" while he reflecting on the early stage of moral reason in Kant's autonomous morality and then contemplate the possible situations before and beyond "cutting off myriad flows." The second part is to discuss Mo's opinions about the religiousness of Neo-Confucianism: Lu and Wang's mind as nature is idealism, while Zhu's nature as principle is deism. By analyzing the situations between, beyond and before idealism and deism, we will retrace the origins of their meanings and highlight the modernity of these theories. Finally we will review the reasonableness of the theoretical assumption of this article and explore whether it's possible to transform and conserve the religiousness of Confucianism.
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