英文摘要
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The concept of the inner sage and the outer king, as the ideal of Confucianism, has been applied more frequently ever since the founding of Neo-Confucianism in the Sung Dynasty. The center of this very concept lies in the Confucian view of the sage, which both results from the Confucians' moral cultivation of the mind-nature and fulfills the intellectuals' concept of pragmatic philosophy. Pragmatic philosophy (the outer king) is kind of a guideline to the practical learning of the Ming Dynasty, the late Qing Dynasty and modern China after the economic reform. In recent years, there has been a claim that "the inner sage and the outer king" is replaced by "the inner king and the outer sage," reversing the traditional thought having "the inner sage" as the center. As for the balance between the inner sage and the outer king, Wang Yang-ming achieved the learning of the inner sage and the merits of the outer king, founding the doctrine of mind as the mainstream philosophy of the Ming Dynasty and squashing Zhu Chen-hao's usurpation. In this article, we will first examine the philosophical characteristics of his view of the sage and analyze the model of his thoughts. Second, we will review whether Wang Yang-ming achieved the balance between the inner sage and the outer king or he was inclined to either one of them. In other words, the question consciousness of this article is to find out whether the inner sage and the outer king are parallel in their statuses or one is inferior to the other.
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