英文摘要
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Zhang Zai's emphasis on "proprieties" can be accounted for by the background of his time, that is, the negligence of proprieties in the Song Dynasty, when proprieties suffered from formalization and rigidization. There was nothing wrong with the formalization of proprieties since it's a humanistic design catering to the needs of the social system; however, the issue with rigidization was about whether the "textual content" of "proprieties" was able to express the feelings of people. Therefore, this issue was majorly about whether one's motivation to practice proprieties originated in heavenly principles, which was also the reason why Neo-Confucians reinterpreted "proprieties" through "principles," attempted to restore Confucius's "basis of proprieties" and accordingly focused on "proprieties being principles." This article is divided into three sections; the first one is to analyze the "drive" and "object" of the transition between "proprieties" and "principles," explicating the essential meaning of "principles," the internal logics of heavenly principles and human principles, along with the immanence of "proprieties." The second section is about "how the transition was made," analyzing the cultivation of "proprieties," delving into the basis of "proprieties" through the "principle" of self-restraint and manifesting the human subjectivity which enabled the transition. The third section is about the "mechanism and function of the transition," pointing out three rules of transition and explaining what enabled such transition and mutual interpretation. Finally, we suggest the functions of "proprieties as principles" and "proprieties," presenting accordingly the profound meaning of Zhang Zai's proposition of "proprieties being principles."
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