呂格爾晚期思想中的記憶、歷史、忘記與原諒之概念與其互相關聯

Exploring the Concepts of Memory, History, Forgetting and Forgiveness and Their Interrelations in Paul Ricoeur's Later Thought

陳學毅(Hsueh-I CHEN)

記憶 ； 回憶 ； 歷史 ； 歷史書寫 ； 歷史性 ； 忘記 ； 遺忘 ； 原諒 ； 寬恕 ； Memory ； History ； Historiography ； Historicity ； Forgetting ； Forgiveness

哲學與文化

47卷7期（2020 / 07 / 01）

55 - 75

繁體中文

記憶、歷史、忘記與原諒屬於呂格爾晚期九〇年代後主要探究之概念。他從現象學的觀點討論記憶的問題，以回憶與想像的關聯為起點，探究過去為已不在（ne plus）或是已有（avoir été）之概念差別以及個人與群體記憶之關係。他從知識論的角度解析歷史再現，闡明歷史書寫之原則問題，思索歷史再現與其真實性。在強調歷史之展望性而不只是回顧性的同時，他跨越了歷史知識論的框架，讓歷史連結人的生存現實層面。他挪用心理學的方法，透過記憶與忘記概念的相互性以及意識與無意識的解析，建構潛伏的忘記儲備（oubli de réserve）概念。呂格爾參考人類學、社會學之理論，從人性的觀點，審視身為主動式忘記之原諒的問題。他脫離交換經濟與報復循環的邏輯，建構使不可原諒之原諒成為可能的有能之人（homme capable）概念。本論文欲從呂格爾之相關著作勾勒出呂格爾記憶、歷史、忘記與原諒之基本問題意識、解析這些概念之互相關聯，並以串連呂格爾核心思想與重構其主要思考路徑為主軸。

Memory, history, forgetting and forgiveness are the main concepts Ricoeur explored from the late 1990s on. He approached the problem of memory from a phenomenological perspective. Beginning from the relationship between memory and imagination, and he investigated the conceptual differences between 'no longer' (ne plus) and 'have been' (avoir été) and the interrelation between individual and collective memory. He also analyzed the problem of representation in history from the perspective of epistemology, explained his concerns about historiography, and considered issues related to historical representation and questions about truth in history. While emphasizing history's prospectiveness rather than its retrospectiveness, he transgressed the framework of the epistemology of history, allowing history to intertwine with the reality of human existence. To construct the concept of latent reserve of forgetting (oubli de réserve), he appropriated methods from psychology by reflecting on the reciprocity of memory and forgetting and analyzing consciousness and unconsciousness. Referring to theories from anthropology and sociology, as well as the perspective of humanity, Ricoeur examined forgiveness as an active form of forgetting. He liberated forgiveness from the logic of the exchange economy and the cycle of revenge, and he constructed the concept of capable man (homme capable) who made impossible forgiveness possible. In this paper, I outline basic problems related to the concepts of memory, history, forgetting and forgiveness as conceived by Ricoeur from his related oeuvres. The paper's main objective is to analyze interrelations among these ideas and reconstruct Ricoeur's core concepts.

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