哈伯馬斯的公共領域論述與全球治理思維

The Public Sphere in Habermas's Conception of Global Governance

黃金盛(Jin-Sheng HUANG)

全球治理 ； 公共領域 ； 溝通理性 ； 審議民主 ； Global Governance ； Public Sphere ； Communicative Rationality ； Deliberative Democracy

哲學與文化

48卷6期（2021 / 06 / 01）

71 - 88

繁體中文

藉由探討哈伯馬斯（Jürgen Habermas）思想體系中的「公共領域」論述，本文旨在剖析其對國際情勢和全球治理的宏觀概念與觀察，釐清其思想的應用與侷限。審視哈伯馬斯晚近的思想發展，對於全球化政治發展與人類未來文明的近來趨勢，他提出了許多深具啟發性的看法，特別是「後國族格局」（postnational constellation）和「後世俗社會」（postsecular society）的概念，在這兩個概念中，哈伯馬斯為以國家為單位的民主憲政論述另闢蹊徑，可以說為民主容忍和多元文化權之間的癥結開啟了一個新的思考方向。然而，哈伯馬斯的思想體系深遠且龐雜，為了理解其全球治理思維，我們必須重新串連和思考其前後期思想的連貫性與差異所在，本文因而以公共領域論述作為觀察的切入點，畢竟哈伯馬斯是以溝通理性來檢討國族主義與宗教為全球化世界所帶來的衝突與危機，在民主憲政國家的普世原則之下，想要打破其中癥結，我們終需秉持公共領域的政治審議程序，在溝通論辯的機制中達到一種公共倫理的自我理解。藉此，透過了解全球公共領域出現的可能性，我們方能以一種綜合視野來分析哈伯馬斯的全球治理思維，並且進一步思考當代民主理論的未來發展方向。

This paper aims to analyze German scholar Jürgen Habermas's theory of public sphere as well as its applications and limitations in relation to his view on the current international situations and the issues of global governance. More recently, in response to the socio-political, cultural and economic developments in the age of globalization, Habermas proposes two inspiring concepts of ＂postnational constellation: and ＂postsecular society,＂ which provide us with insights into the discourse of constitutional democracy that nation-states are the fundamental political units and offer the alternative to the democratic ideas of tolerance and multiculturalism. However, due to the scope of his social and political philosophy, it is not possible to comprehend Habermas's thought of global governance without exploring the continuities and differences over his long academic career. Thus, this paper believes that taking Habermas's theory of public sphere as the core of analysis will help us reconnect and reconsider the interwoven relationships between his different concepts, such as communicative rationality, post-metaphysical thinking and deliberative democracy. By doing so, we then can advance to investigate the possibilities of a (rising) global public sphere and contemplate the future direction of democracy in contemporary societies.

1. Calhoun, Craig(Ed.)(1992).Habermas and the Public Sphere.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
2. Cooke, Maeve(Ed.)(1999).On the Pragmatics of Communication.Cambridge:Polity Press.
3. Crouch, Colin(2004).Post-democracy.Cambridge:Polity Press.
4. Fraser, Nancy(2007).Transnationalizing the Public Sphere: On the Legitimacy and Efficacy of Public Opinion in a Post-Westphalian World.Theory, Culture & Society,24(4),7-30.
5. Habermas, Jürgen(2008).The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for a World Society.Constellations,15,444-455.
6. Habermas, Jürgen,Burger, Thomas(Trans.)(1989).The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
7. Habermas, Jürgen,Cronin, Ciaran(Ed.),De Greiff, Pablo(Ed.)(1998).The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
8. Habermas, Jürgen,Cronin, Ciaran(Trans. ed.)(2006).The Divided West.Cambridge:Polity Press.
9. Habermas, Jürgen,Cronin, Ciaran(Trans.)(2008).Between Naturalism and Religion: Philosophical Essays.Cambridge:Polity Press.
10. Habermas, Jürgen,Cronin, Ciaran(Trans.)(2012).The Crisis of the European Union: A Response.Cambridge:Polity Press.
11. Habermas, Jürgen,Cronin, Ciaran(Trans.)(2009).Europe: The Faltering Project.Cambridge:Polity Press.
12. Habermas, Jürgen,Dews, Peter(Trans.)(2001).The Liberating Power of Symbols: Philosophical Essays.Cambridge:Polity Press.
13. Habermas, Jürgen,McCarthy, Thomas(Trans.)(1984).The Theory of Communicative Action: V.1-Reason and the Rationalization of Society.Cambridge:Polity Press.
14. Habermas, Jürgen,McCarthy, Thomas(Trans.)(1987).The Theory of Communicative Action: V.2-Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason.Cambridge:Polity Press.
15. Habermas, Jürgen,Mendieta, Eduardo(Ed.),VanAntwerpen, Jonathan(Ed.)(2011).The Power of Religion in the Public Sphere.New York:Columbia University Press.
16. Habermas, Jürgen,Pensky, Max(Trans. ed.)(1994).The Past as Future.Cambridge:Polity Press.
17. Habermas, Jürgen,Pensky, Max(Trans. ed.)(2001).The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays.Cambridge:Polity Press.
18. Habermas, Jürgen,Rehg, William(Trans.)(1996).Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
19. Habermas, Jürgen. “Internet and Public Sphere: What the Web Can’t Do.” Interviewed by Markus Schwering for Resetdoc.org, 24 July 2014. Available at: https://www.resetdoc.org/story/internet-and-public-sphere-what-the-web-cant-do/ (Retrieved 2018.6.17).
20. Huntington, Samuel P.(1996).The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.New York:Simon & Schuster.
21. Taylor, Charles(2004).Modern Social Imaginaries.Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
22. Waters, Malcolm(1995).Globalization.London:Routledge.
23. 林立(2016).哈伯瑪斯的法律哲學.臺北:新學林出版公司.
24. 林遠澤(2019).從赫德到米德：邁向溝通共同體的德國古典語言哲學思路.新北:聯經出版事業公司.
25. 黃瑞祺（編）(2010)。溝通、批判和實踐：哈伯馬斯八十論集，臺北:
26. 黃瑞祺,陳閔翔(2018).哈伯馬斯的民主理論.臺北:允晨文化.