意圖與樂透的正義性

Intentions and the Justice of Lotteries

王薛時(Xueshi WANG)

樂透 ； 正義 ； 分配 ； 公平 ； Lotteries ； Justice ； Allocation ； Fairness

哲學與文化

49卷1期（2022 / 01 / 01）

159 - 175

繁體中文

這篇論文的目的是，批評約翰．斯通（John Stone）對於使用樂透的正義性的解釋。在衝突性情境中，為什麼使用樂透分配稀缺的資源是一種公正的方式？斯通給出的答案是，通過使用樂透，分配者能夠以不偏不倚的方式對待所有平等的主張。斯通的論證可以恰當地歸結為「不偏不倚原則」，該原則要求，負責分配稀缺資源的分配者不應基於無效的理由，有意地偏愛任何一個特定的主張。然而，由於分配者的意圖和分配者所採用的分配程序的概率屬性之間存在不一致，「不偏不倚原則」對於解釋樂透的正義性而言，既不是充分條件，也不是必要條件。斯通所提供的關於樂透之正義性的解釋，並不是一個令人滿意的解釋。

In this article, I critique an account of the justice of lotteries developed by Peter Stone. Stone's account can be properly understood as the impartiality principle, a principle demanding that the agent responsible for allocating indivisible goods among equally strong claims should not intend to favor one claim over another on the basis of invalid reasons. It aims to provide an explanation as to why the use of lotteries in decision-making is a just way for resolving indeterminacy among equal claims. I argue that the impartiality principle is neither sufficient nor necessary to account for the justice of lotteries.

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