如何從平凡認知提昇到如實智慧：以阿含經典與般若經典為主要依據

How to Upgrade from Ordinary Cognition to Wisdom as It Really Is: Mainly Based on the Āgama-sūtras and Prajñāpāramitā-sūtras

蔡耀明(Yao-ming TSAI)

平凡認知 ； 如實智慧 ； 般若波羅蜜多 ； 阿含經典 ； 般若經典 ； Ordinary Cognition ； Wisdom as It Really Is ； Prajñāpāramitā ； Āgama-Sūtras ； Prajñāpāramitā-Sūtras

哲學與文化

49卷4期（2022 / 04 / 01）

3 - 21

繁體中文

哲學既然以愛好智慧為標榜，從事哲學工作，即應以成就智慧或體現智慧為目標。若偏離於智慧之認知，或遠低於智慧之認知，皆可概括地稱為平凡認知。因此，哲學的本務，就在於認清且脫離平凡認知，進而透過正確的認知與通達的理解，邁向智慧。阿含經典以戒定慧三增上學為修行的骨幹，而正見與智慧尤為此一骨幹的眼目之前導。般若經典則將般若波羅蜜多－－究竟通達的智慧，或智慧貫徹到底－－列為菩提道修行的核心骨幹與旗艦。本文以阿含經典與般若經典為主要的文獻依據，探討從平凡認知提昇到如實智慧的理路與關鍵。在論陳平凡認知與如實智慧的方方面面之後，聚焦於探討如實智慧做為解決平凡認知之弊病的對策，以及由如實智慧導向修行道路以智慧為訴求的標竿。透過本文的研究，應可對於哲學在辨別平凡認知與成就如實智慧之課題，提供具有重大意涵的啟明。

Since philosophy is said to be the quest for wisdom, engaging in philosophical inquiry should aim at achieving or embodying wisdom. At the level of worldly conventions, a cognition either deviating from or far below wisdom can be summed up as ordinary or even mediocre cognition. Therefore, the basic task of philosophy lies in recognizing and breaking away from ordinary cognition, and then moving toward wisdom through correct cognition and thorough understanding. The Āgama-sūtras take morality, meditation, and wisdom as the backbone of practices, and the development of right view and wisdom operates as guiding eyes for Buddhist practitioners. The Prajñāpāramitā-sūtras especially list prajñāpāramitā-the wisdom of thorough penetration, or the wisdom that is carried through to the end-as the core backbone and flagship of the path to enlightenment. This article uses the Āgama-sūtras and Prajñāpāramitā-sūtras as the main literary sources to explore the rationale and key to the improvement from ordinary cognition to wisdom as it really is. The framework of the thesis, after discussing various aspects of ordinary cognition and wisdom as it really is, focuses on wisdom as a countermeasure to solve the disadvantages of ordinary cognition, and on the way in which benchmarking wisdom acts as a standard of practices for making progress on Buddhist multiple paths. Through the research and discussion in this article, it should be possible to shed some light on philosophical distinction between ordinary cognition and achieving wisdom as it really is.

1. 蔡耀明(2012)。以《雜阿含經》為依據探討「解開而認知世人」與「出離而超脫人世」在條理的一貫。東海哲學研究集刊，17，3-33。
   連結：
2. 蔡耀明(2017)。《大方廣佛華嚴經》的時空哲學。法鼓佛學學報，21，41-72。
   連結：
3. 《增壹阿含經》，東晉．瞿曇僧伽提婆（Gautama Saṅghadeva）譯，T. 125, vol. 2, pp.549b-830b。
4. 《中阿含經》，東晉．瞿曇僧伽提婆（Gautama Saṅghadeva）譯，T. 26, vol. 1, pp.421a809a。
5. 《大般若波羅蜜多經．第二會》，唐．玄奘譯，T. 220 (2), vol. 7, pp.1b-426a。
6. 《雜阿含經》，劉宋．求那跋陀羅（Guṇabhadra）譯，T. 99, vol. 2, pp.1a-373b。
7. Bodhi, Bhikkhu(Trans.)(2012).The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya.Boston:Wisdom.
8. Bodhi, Bhikkhu(Trans.)(2000).The Connected Discourses of the Buddha.Boston:Wisdom.
9. Conze, Edward(Trans.)(1975).The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom with the Divisions of the Abhisamayālaṅkāra.Berkeley:University of California Press.
10. Dutt, Nalinaksha (Ed.). The Pañcaviṁśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramita. London: Luzac & Co., 1934.
11. Kellner, Birgit(2014).Changing Frames in Buddhist Thought: The Concept of Ākāra in Abhidharma and in Buddhist Epistemological Analysis.Journal of Indian Philosophy,42(2-3),275-295.
12. Kellner, Birgit,McClintock, Sara(2014).ākāra in Buddhist Philosophical and Soteriological Analysis: Introduction.Journal of Indian Philosophy,42(4),427-432.
13. Kimura, Takayasu(Ed.)(1992).Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā: V.Tokyo:Sankibo Busshorin.
14. Kimura, Takayasu(Ed.)(2007).Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā: I-1.Tokyo:Sankibo Busshorin.
15. Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu(Trans.),Bodhi, Bhikkhu(Trans.)(2005).The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya.Somerville:Wisdom.
16. Oberheim, Eric,Hoyningen-Huene, Paul.The Incommensurability of Scientific Theories.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17. Zhao, Fei(2016).University of Washington.
18. 川崎信定(1992)。一切智思想の研究。東京:春秋社。
19. 陳瑞麟，〈科學革命與典範轉移〉，王一奇主編，《華文哲學百科》（2018），http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=科學革命與典範轉移（檢索於 2018 年 10 月 14 日）。
20. 渡辺章悟(2003)。『八千頌般若』の一切智。東洋学論叢，28，165-136。
21. 蔡耀明(2019)。佛教弘化視野的時空、認同、歸屬、自我。圓光佛學學報，34，195-227。
22. 蔡耀明，〈般若經典〉，王一奇主編，《華文哲學百科》（2021），http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=般若經典（檢索於 2021 年 7 月 14 日）。
23. 蔡耀明(2013)。以般若空觀解明無明與萬有。圓光佛學學報，22，1-31。
24. 蔡耀明（編）(2017).世界文明原典選讀 V：佛教文明經典.新北:立緒文化事業公司.