當新聞記者成為名嘴：名聲、專業與勞動商品化的探討

When Newsmen Become Critics: Inquiry of Fame, Profession and Labor Commodification

10.30386/MCR.200607_(88).0002

林富美(Fu-Mei Lin)

名聲基礎 ； 專業自主 ； 異化勞動 ； 商品化 ； name-based ； professional autonomy ； alienated labor ； commodification

新聞學研究

88期（2006 / 07 / 01）

43 - 81

繁體中文

本文旨在探討當新聞工作者成為「名嘴」後，原植基於專業形象的名聲在「生存心態」及「商品化市場機制」下如何影響專業勞動。分析發現，「名聲」原屬新聞工作者的重要勞動資產，直接影響勞動酬償與工作機會。一旦新聞工作者關注焦點放在自身利益而非社會之共同進步，則名聲、形象等象徵資本的營造即易改建立於自身勞動所得的利害關係。而為爭取表現空間，個別專業行動者亦會透過產製結構建立其生存心態。換言之，當專業、名聲商品化後就不再僅是關係自身利益而是各種利益的符碼，必須依附商業價值否則就沒有交換價值，透過名聲基礎的理性抉擇因而使得名聲原有之專業基礎產生質變。

This text aims at exploring how the professional labor of newsmen-/newswomen-turned critics, whose fame is based on their professional reputations, would be affected by the mechanisms of survival habitus and commodification. This analysis finds that fame, a vital labor capital of newsmen/women, would have a direct impact on labor payment and job opportunity. Once the focus of concern targets on self-interest rather than a common progress of society, symbolic capitals such as fame and image would relay their foundations on a concern with labor income. To obtain a greater room for performance, individual professional actors would also construct their survival habitus by the structure of production. In other words, when profession and fame are commercialized, they are not only a symbol concerning self-interest but also one concerning a variety of interests, having to depend upon commercial values or face the consequence of losing exchange values. Through the name-based rational choice, the professional foundation on which a newsman's fame was originally laid would change its nature as a result.

1. Becker, H. S.(1982).Art worlds.Berkeley and London:University of California Press.
2. Bourdieu, P.(1993).The Field of Cultural Production.
3. Bourdieu, P.(1991).Language and symbolic power.Cambridge:Polity.
4. Bourdieu, P.(1989).Social space and symbolic power.Sociological Theory,7(1),14-25.
5. Bourdieu, P.,Wacquant, J. D.(1992).An invitation to reflexive sociology.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
6. Campbell, T.(1981).Seven theories of human society,New York:
7. Caves, R. E.(2000).Creative industries: Contracts between art and commerce.
8. Curran, J.(1997).Mass communication and society.
9. DiMaggio, P.(1977).Market structure, the creative process and popular culture: Towards an organizational reinterpretation of mass-culture theory.Journal of Popular Culture,11,432-452.
10. Dingwall, R.(1976).Accomplishing profession.Sociological Review,24,331-349.
11. Dingwall, R.,P. Lewis(1983).The sociology of professions: Lawyers, doctors and others.London:The Macmillan Press.
12. Friedman, A.(1977).Industry and labour: Class struggle at work and monopoly capitalism.London:MacMillan.
13. Garnham, N.(1990).Capitalism and communication: Global culture and the economics of information.London:Sage.
14. Giddens, A.(1984).The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration,Berkeley:
15. Golding, P.,Murdock, G.(2000).Mass media and society.New York:Oxford University Press.
16. Hesmondhalgh, D.(2002).The cultural industries.
17. Hirsch, P. M.(1990).On record: Rock, pop, and the written word.New York:Pantheon.
18. Marx, K.,R. Livingstone,G. Benton(1975).Economic and philosophical manuscripts of 1844.New York:Vintage.
19. McCracken, G.(1988).Culture and consumption: New approaches to the symbolic character of consumer goods and activities.
20. Mie''ge, B.(1989).The capitalization of cultural production,New York:
21. Mosco, V.(1995).The political economy of communication.
22. Nayman, O. B.(1973).Professional orientations of journalists: An introduction to communicator analysis studies.Gazette,19,195-212.
23. Negus, K.(1992).Producing Pop: Conflict in the popular music industry.
24. Negus, K.(2004).Creativity, communication, and culture value.
25. Rueschemeye, D.(1964).Doctors and lawyers: A comment on the theory of professions.Canadian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology,1,17-33.
26. Ryan, B.(1991).Making capital from culture: The corporate form of capitalist cultural production.
27. Williams, R.(1980).Base and superstructure in problems in materialism and culture: Selected essays.
28. 李培元(1997)。政治商品化理論，台北:
29. 林志明、Bourdieu, Pierre(2002)。布赫迪厄論電視，台北:
30. 林芳玫(1994)。解讀瓊瑤愛情王國。台北:時報文化。
31. 林富美(2004)。藝人與經紀人派遣勞動關係初探。新聞學研究，78，143-186。
32. 林富美(2003)。試論名聲基礎與專業自主的弔詭。「傳播研究與台灣社會」學術研討會，台北市木柵:
33. 邱天助(2002)。布爾迪厄文化再製理論，台北:
34. 袁廷棟(1988)。馬克斯哲學簡介與評價。台北:光啟出版社。
35. 張正修(2001)。馬克斯經濟學理論與發展。台北:保成。
36. 陳怡靜(2001)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學工業科技教育研究所碩士論文。
37. 傅振焜、Drucker, P.(1994)。後資本主義社會。台北:時報文化公司。
38. 劉駿州、臧國仁(1993)。各級政府機關公關人員專業性探討。廣告學研究，2，71-99。
39. 蔡伸章、Sowell, Thomas(1993)。馬克斯學說導論：哲學與經濟學。台北:巨流。
40. 錢玉芬(1998)。博士論文(博士論文)。政治大學新聞研究所博士論文。
41. 顏伶如(2005)。歐普拉稱霸富比世百位名人權力排行榜。中央社稿。
42. 羅文輝(1997)。新聞人員的專業性：意涵界定與量表的建構。中華傳播學會第一屆年會。

1. 陳鷖人(2016)。束縛下的書寫:中國網路新聞從業者的報導策略。臺灣大學新聞研究所學位論文。2016。1-133。 
2. 蘇木春(2017)。報紙增加網路即時新聞點擊數之專業實踐分析。聯合大學臺灣語文與傳播學系學位論文。2017。1-94。