資訊社會與弱勢群體的文化公民權：以台灣遊民另類媒體的崛起為例

Information Society and Minority Groups' Cultural Rights: The Emergence of Alternative Homeless Media in Taiwan

10.30386/MCR.201210_(113).0004

戴瑜慧(Yu-Hui Tai)；郭盈靖(Ying-Ching Kuo)

公民新聞 ； 公民權 ； 另類媒體 ； 遊民 ； 資訊社會 ； 數位落差 ； Alternative media ； citizen journalism ； citizenship ； digital divide ； homeless ； information society

新聞學研究

113期（2012 / 10 / 01）

123 - 166

繁體中文

本文旨在檢視資訊社會與弱勢群體文化公民權之間的辯證關係。首先，伴隨資訊社會發展而生的數位落差與資訊商品化現象，對無固定住所的城市貧民造成新的雙重壓迫。在既有的社經弱勢外，遊民遭受新的貧窮剝奪而成「資訊窮人」，同時在媒體的煽色腥取向下物化為刺激收視的「汙名化商品」。然而，當前數位落差政策，僅以家戶網路普及率為指標，形同對無家戶者的系統性排除並使其成為不見於政策的隱形資訊窮人。日益加深的結構性壓迫、資訊科技使用門檻的降低以及公民新聞的提倡，亦辯證性地提供新的反抗空間，促成台灣遊民另類媒體崛起。本文以漂泊新聞網為個案分析，檢視崛起的背景成因、發展形式、組織型態以及面臨的結構性限制。研究結果指出，若要克服數位落差則須改變既有以普及硬體設備為目標的科技決定論，改為著重以人為本協助草根社團發展，以積極的方式促進弱勢群體使用資訊科技，同時具體改變弱勢者的社經處境，方能消除科技隔離，釋放弱勢者參與的潛能。

This study examines the dialectic relationship between the information society and the cultural rights of minority groups. First, the digital divide and information commodification have resulted in novel forms of the suppression of minority groups. Homeless people not only suffer from political, economic, and social exclusion, but experience cultural deprivation, are demeaned as being ”information poor,” and are dehumanized as stigmatized commodities. Second, the government uses household Internet accessibility as an indicator to measure the digital divide, ignoring homeless people and systematically excluding them from support policies. However, the development of information technology and the promotion of citizen journalism have lowered the barriers for minority groups to develop alternative media and have created a novel space of resistance. By examining the historical process of the emergence of homeless alternative media in Taiwan, this study argues that information technology is insufficient and that it is important to have grassroot, networked communities to help homeless people obtain information, express their opinions, and become alternative media participants. This study examines the historical context, content, format, distribution, audience responses, and obstacles of homeless alternative media and argues that homeless people's social position must be improved to fulfill the potential of homeless alternative media.

1. 夏曉鵑(2006)。新移民運動的形成─差異政治、主體化與社會性運動。台灣社會研究季刊，61，1-71。
   連結：
2. 戴瑜慧(2011)。「台北寄居蟹─2010 居無定所攝影展」影像紀要。台灣社會研究季刊，85，353-376。
   連結：
3. 周憶如（2010）。〈南洋姊妹要說戲：當組織工作搭載文化行動〉，取自http://tasat.blogspot.com/search/label/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E5%8A%87%E5%9C%98
4. National Coalition for the Homeless. (2010). Hate crimes against the homeless. Retrieved from http://www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/hatecrimes.html.
5. 〈金門新城 爆遊民性侵女童案〉（2007 年11 月07 日）。《聯合報》，第C2版。
6. 〈舉招牌一天賺幾百〉（2007 年10 月01 日）。《聯合報》，第A2 版。
7. 李桂馨（2011 年01 月26 日）。〈100 年街友尾牙上菜 蕭萬長郝龍斌發紅包〉，《自立晚報》。取自http://www.idn.com.tw/news/news_content.php?catid=4&catsid=2&catdid=0&artid=20110126guisin008
8. 台灣當代漂泊協會（2011 年1 月24 日）。〈工作窮人與遊民一線間—台北車站遊民調查報告〉。取自http://homelessoftaiwan.pixnet.net/blog/post/26088713
9. 行政院（2010 年11 月25 日）。〈吳院長聽取「愛台12 建設—智慧台灣推動成效」報告案〉。取自 行取院新聞局網頁http://www.ey.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=75329&ctNode=1435
10. 項程鎮（2010 年09 月25 日）。〈亂棒毆死街友 超商店長判10 年〉，《自由時報》。取自http://n.yam.com/tlt/society/201009/20100925741663.html
11. 李祖翔（2011 年01 月27 日）。〈街友尾牙宴 50 元成就美事〉，《人間福報》。取自http://www.merit-times.com.tw/NewsPage.aspx?Unid=216195
12. 〈建國公園變貌，占椅睡覺仍在〉（2007 年10 月26 日）。《聯合報》，第C1版。
13. 張勵德、蔡智銘（2011 年01 月27 日）。〈街友尾牙席開2500 桌，21 年最大規模，6 千善心人贊助〉，《蘋果日報》。取自http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/110127/143/2liy8.html
14. 〈永平國宅閒置，遊民吸膠打鬥〉。（2007 年11 月01 日）。《聯合報》，第C1版。
15. 〈鋪蓋游擊，遊民趕又回〉（2007 年08 月12 日）。《聯合晚報》，第5 版。
16. 〈這個年 街友怎麼過？〉（2005 年02 月07 日）。《民生報》，第A3 版。
17. 〈報廢宿舍，遊民毒蟲出沒〉。（2007 年12 月05 日）。《聯合報》，第C2 版。
18. 馮惠宜（2011 年01 月12 日）。〈8 旬嬤辦桌 街友尾牙宴呷澎湃〉，《中時電子報》。取自http://news.chinatimes.com/domestic/11050610/112011011200160.html
19. Atton, C.(2002).Alternative media.London, UK:SAGE.
20. Blair, T.(2004).The opportunity society: Speech by Tony Blair, Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party.Labour Party Annual Conference
21. Boyle, J.(1996).Shamans, software, & spleens: Law and the construction of the information society.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
22. Bruno, G.,Esposito, E.,Genovese, A.,Gwebu, K. L.(2011).A critical analysis of current indexes for digital divide measurement.Information Society,27,16-28.
23. Carey, J.(Ed.)(1989).Communication as culture: Essays on media and society.New York, NY:Routledge.
24. Coyer, K.(Ed.),Dowmunt, T.(Ed.),Fountain, A.(Ed.)(2007).The alternative media handbook.Oxford, UK:Routledge.
25. Feather, J.(1998).The information society: A study of continuity and change.London, UK:Library Association.
26. Freire, Paulo、顧建新譯、趙友華譯、何曙榮譯(2001)。被壓迫者教育學。上海:華東師範大學出版社。
27. Gaved, M. B.,Mulholland, P.(2010).Networking communities from the bottom up: Grassroots approaches to overcoming the digital divide.AI & Society,25(3),345-357.
28. Gillett, S. E.(2000).Universal service: Defining the policy goal in the age of the internet.Information Society,16(2),147-149.
29. Hersberger, J.(2002).Are the economically poor information poor? Does the digital divide affect the homeless and access to information?.Canadian Journal of Information & Library Sciences,27(3),45-63.
30. Hersberger, J.(2005).The homeless and information needs and services.Reference and User Services Quarterly,44(3),199-202.
31. Hilbert, M.(2011).Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics.Women's Studies International Forum,34(6),479-489.
32. Howard, P. N.,Busch, L.,Sheets, P.(2010).Internet access and social inequality in Canada and the United States.Canadian Journal of Communication,35(1),109-128.
33. Jones, S.(Ed.)(1997).Virtual culture: Identity and communication in cybersociety.London, UK:Sage.
34. Kendall, D. E.(2005).Framing class: Media representations of wealth and poverty in America.Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
35. Khan, F.,Ghadially, R.(2010).Empowerment through ICT education, access and use: A gender analysis of Muslim youth in India.Journal of International Development,22(5),659-673.
36. Leadbeater, C.(1997).Living on thin air: The new economy.London, UK:Penguin.
37. Levinson, D.,Ross, M.(2007).Homelessness handbook.Great Barrington, MA:Berkshire Publishing Group.
38. Lievrouw, L.(Ed.), Livingstone, S.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of new media: Social shaping and consequences of ICTs.London, UK:Sage.
39. Mansell, R.,Steinmueller, W.(2000).Mobilizing the information society: Strategies for growth and opportunity.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
40. May, C.(2002).The information society: A sceptical view.Malden, MA:Polity Press.
41. McNulty, B. R.(1992).University of Pennsylvania.
42. McNutt, J. G.(Ed.),Hick, S.(Ed.)(2002).Advocacy, activism, and the Internet: Community organization and social policy.Chicago, IL:Lycecum Books.
43. Mestrovic, M.(1994).The sociality of information and the civility of society.Information society and civil society: Contemporary perspectives on the changing world order,West Lafayette, IN:
44. Min, E.(Ed.)(1999).Reading the homeless: The media's image of homeless culture.Westport, CT:Praeger Publishers.
45. Mosco, V.(1994).Telecommunications for a democratic public sphere: The case of Canada.Information society and civil society: Contemporary perspectives on the changing world order,West Lafayette, IN:
46. Murdock, G.(1999).Rights and representations: Public discourse and cultural citizenship.Television and Common Knowledge,7,7-17.
47. Parayil, G.(2005).The digital divide and increasing returns: Contradictions of informational capitalism.Information Society,21,41-51.
48. Passaro, J.(1996).The unequal homeless: Men on the streets, women in their place.New York, NY:Routledge.
49. Robin, M.(Ed.),Chrisarthi, A.(Ed.),Danny, Q.(Ed.),Roger, S.(Ed.)(2007).Oxford handbook on ICTs.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
50. Ronald, S.(1995).The emerging network environment and the information poor.APLIS,8(1),337-347.
51. Servon, L.(2002).Bridging the digital divide: Technology, community and public policy.London, UK:Blackwell.
52. Siobhan, S.(2009).Digital divide: A discursive move away from the real inequities.Information Society,25,1-22.
53. Steyaert, J.,Gould, N.(2009).Social work and the changing face of the digital divide.British Journal of Social Work,39(4),740-753.
54. Tipple, G.,Speak, S.(2009).The hidden millions: Homelessness in developing countries.London, UK:Routledge.
55. Tsatsou, P.(2011).Digital divides revisited: What is new about divides and their research?.Media Culture Society,33,317-330.
56. van Dijk, J.(1999).The network society: Social aspects of new media.London,UK:Sage.
57. Whang, I. S.(1993).The Ohio State University.
58. Wong, Y. C.,Fung, J.,Law, C. K.,Lam, J.,Lee, V.(2009).Tackling the digital divide.British Journal of Social Work,39,754-767.
59. Wright, T.(1997).Out of place: Homeless mobilizations, subcities, and contested landscapes.Albany, NY:State University of New York Press.
60. 李芝瑩(2009)。外籍移工攝影作品中的的社會批判分析：以《凝視驛鄉VOYAGE15840》為例。社會科教育研究，14，277-292。
61. 季欣麟(1998)。陳水扁：校校有網路，班班有電腦。遠見雜誌，147，33-45。
62. 夏曉鵑編(2006)。跨界流離：全球化下的移民與移工。台北市:台灣社會研究叢刊。
63. 張正(2008)。國立暨南大學東南亞研究所。
64. 郭盈靖(2009)。世新大學社會發展研究所。
65. 陳明輝(2010)。The Big Issue！社會企業的核心價值與創新商業模式。創業管理研究，5(2)，83-110。
66. 黃國治(2007)。讓我們互相看見—移工攝影集《凝視驛鄉》。台灣光華，32，52-56。

1. 戴瑜慧(2016)。被壓抑者的發聲底層者與文化行動主義。臺灣社會研究季刊，104，205-225。
2. 蕭閎偉、全泓奎、水內俊雄、中山徹、山田理繪子(2015)。以非正式公私協力網絡建構遊民取向之社會出租住宅：臺北市萬華地區的案例分析。都市與計劃，42(3)，295-324。
3. (2023)。照護無家者，照護自己：新型態無家議題工作者的實作與反思。台灣社會研究季刊，124，1-49。