「失智」病症污名報導之流變：以1951-2010《聯合報》檔案為例

The Evolution of Stigma Associated with 'Dementia' in News Reports: An Analysis of United Daily News from 1951 to 2010

10.30386/MCR.201810_(137).0001

羅彥傑(Yen-Chieh Lo)

失智 ； 癡呆 ； 污名 ； 新聞 ； 論述 ； dementia ； stigma ； news ； discourse

新聞學研究

137期（2018 / 10 / 01）

1 - 43

繁體中文

本文以臺灣《聯合報》失智病症相關報導為例，探討新聞媒體對失智症的各種污名建構，相關病名自20世紀後半期迄今六十年間如何在新聞報導出現、演變與流轉進而成為咒罵詞，而新聞報導又如何使用類似「癡呆」這樣的咒罵詞彙與負面語言脈絡，以及還有哪些新聞寫作常規強化失智（者）的污名。本文期盼透過描述、分析與詮釋失智污名的發展歷程，促成人們反思向來習焉不察的新興疾病病名之變化。

This study takes news reports in Taiwan from 1951 to 2010 as the sample and examines how these news reports as public discourse have constructed dementia's Chinese names and stigma. At first, ＂癡呆＂ was only a common expression, but then it developed into an illness name and even a curse word. Moreover, with special writing rules specific for journalism, these news reports reinforced dementia's negative stereotypes as a shameful and disgraceful illness. This study hopes to help people be more introspective toward the stigma of illnesses and diseases in society.

1. 徐美苓、熊培伶、賴奕帆、吳姿嫻、施馨堯(2011)。是減害還是加害？：愛滋新聞論述中的毒癮者框架。台灣社會研究季刊，81，79-128。
   連結：
2. 〈癡呆症再改名認知障礙症〉（2011 年6 月27 日），《香港蘋果日報》。取自http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20110627/15378452
3. 〈癡呆症將正名認知障礙症〉（2012 年9 月22 日）。《東方日報》。取自http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20120922/00176_096.html
4. Alzheimer's Disease International(2012).World Alzheimer Report 2012: Overcoming the stigma of dementia.
5. Alzheimer's Disease International(2015).World Alzheimer Report 2015: The global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends.
6. Begum, A.,Whitley, R.,Banerjee, S.,Matthews, D.,Stewart, R.,Morgan, C.(2013).Help-seeking response to subjective memory complaint in older adults: Toward a conceptual model.The Gerontologist,53(3),462-473.
7. Brooks, B. S.,Kennedy, G.,Moen, D. R.,Ranly, D.(2011).News reporting and writing.Boston, MA:Bedford.
8. Burgener, S. C.,Buckwalter, K.,Perkhounkova, Y.,Liu, M.,Riley, R.,Einhorn, C. J.,Fitzsimmons, S.,Hahn-Swanson, C.(2015).Perceived stigma in persons with early-stage dementia: Longitudinal findings: Part I.Dementia,14(5),589-608.
9. Clarke, J. N.(1992).Cancer, heart disease, and AIDS: What do the media tell us about these diseases?.Health Communication,4(2),105-120.
10. Conrad, P.(2007).The medicalization of society: On the transformation of human conditions into treatable disorders.Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press.
11. Conrad, P.(Ed.)(2009).The sociology of health and illness: Critical perspective.New York, NY:Worth Publishers.
12. Fairclough, N.(2003).Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research.New York, NY:Routledge.
13. Fairclough, N.(1995).Media discourse.London, UK:Edward Arnold.
14. Fairclough, N.(1992).Discourse and social change.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
15. Foucault, M.(2001).Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the Age of Reason.New York, NY:Routledge.
16. Foucault, M.,Smith, A. M. S.(Trans.)(1973).The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception.New York, NY:Vintage Books.
17. Fowler, R.(1991).Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press.London, UK:Routledge.
18. Garand, L.,Lingler, J. H.,Conner, K. O.,Dew, M. A.(2009).Diagnostic labels, stigma, and participation in research related to dementia and mild cognitive impairment.Research in Gerontological Nursing,2(2),112-121.
19. Goffman, E.(1963).Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
20. Halliday, M. A. K.(1973).Explorations in the functions of language.London, UK:Edward Arnold.
21. Halliday, M. A. K.(1978).Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning.London, UK:Edward Arnold.
22. Harper, S.(2005).Media, madness and misrepresentation: Critical reflections on anti-stigma discourse.European Journal of Communication,20(4),460-483.
23. Hertog, J. K.,Finnegan, J. R., Jr.,Kahn, E.(1994).Media coverage of AIDS, cancer, and sexually transmitted diseases: A test of the public arenas model.Journalism Quarterly,71(2),291-304.
24. Holton, A.,Weberling, B.,Clarke, C. E.,Smith, M. J.(2012).The blame frame: Media attribution of culpability about the MMR-autism vaccination scare.Health Communication,27,690-701.
25. Jensen, K. B.(Ed.)(2012).A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies.London, UK:Routledge.
26. Jensen, K. B.(Ed.),Jankowski, N. W.(Ed.)(1991).A handbook of qualitative methodologies for mass communication research.London, UK:Routledge.
27. Johnson, A. G.(1995).The Blackwell of dictionary of sociology: A user's guide to sociological language.Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishers Inc.
28. Krishnatray, P.,Gadekar, R.(2014).Construction of death in H1N1 news in The Times of India.Journalism,15(6),731-753.
29. Lacey, N.(1998).Image and representation: Key concepts in media studies.New York, NY:St. Martin's Press.
30. Lakoff, G.,Johnson, M.(1980).Metaphors we live by.Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
31. Larson, E. B.,Yaffe, K.,Langa, K. M.(2013).New Insights into the Dementia Epidemic.The New England Journal of Medicine,369,2275-2277.
32. Laughey D.(2007).Key themes in media theory.New York, NY:Open University Press.
33. Link, B. G.,Phlan, J. C.(2001).Conceptualizing stigma.Annual Review of Sociology,27,363-385.
34. Link, B. G.,Yang, L. H.,Phelan, J. C.,Collins, P. Y.(2004).Measuring mental illness stigma.Schizophrenia Bulletin,30(3),511-541.
35. Mairs, N.(1986).Plaintext.Tucson, AR:University of Arizona Press.
36. Manzo, J. F.(2004).On the sociology and social organization of stigma: Some ethnomethodological insights.Human Studies,27,401-416.
37. McKeever, B. W.(2012).News framing of autism: Understanding media advocacy and the combating Autism Act.Science Communication,35(2),213-240.
38. Minichiello, V.(Ed.),Coulson, I.(Ed.)(2005).Contemporary issues in Gerontology.London, UK:Routledge.
39. Murphy, E. A.(1997).The logic of medicine.Baltimore, MD:John Hopkins University Press.
40. Orgad, S.(2012).Media representation and the global imagination.Cambridge, UK:Polity.
41. Petersen, A.(Ed.),Bunton, R.(Ed.)(1997).Foucault, health and medicine.London, UK:Routledge.
42. Rosenberg, C. E.(Ed.),Golden, J.(Ed.)(1992).Framing disease: Studies in cultural history.New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
43. Said, E. W.(1994).Orientalism.New York, NY:Vintage Books.
44. SmithBattle, L. I.(2013).Reducing the stigmatization of teen mothers.The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing,38(4),235-241.
45. Steinhart, E. C.(2001).The logic of metaphor: Analogous parts of possible worlds.Dordrecht, NL:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
46. Swaffer, K.(2014).Dementia: Stigma, language, and dementia-friendly.Dementia,13(6),709-716.
47. van Dijk, T. A.(Ed.)(1997).Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction.London, UK:Sage.
48. van Dijk, T. A.(Ed.)(1997).Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction.London, UK:Sage.
49. Weitz, R.(2007).The sociology of health, illness, and health care: A critical approach.Belmont, CA:Thomson/Wadsworth.
50. World Health Organization (2015, May 8). WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2015/naming-new-diseases/en/
51. World Health Organization(2015).World report on ageing and health.
52. Yang, L. H.,Kleinman, A.,Link, B. G.,Phelan, J. C.,Lee, S.,Good, B.(2007).Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory.Social Science and Medicine,64,1524-1535.
53. Ziporyn, T.(1988).Disease in the popular American press: The case of diphtheria, typhoid fever, and syphilis.New York, NY:Greenwood Press.
54. 王德威譯、Foucault, M.(1993)。知識的考掘。臺北:麥田。
55. 台灣失智症協會（2017）。〈105~150 年台灣地區失智症人口推計報告〉。取自http://www.tada2002.org.tw/tada_know_02.html
56. 台灣精神醫學會（2014 年5 月30 日）。〈Schizophrenia 中文譯名由「精神分裂症」更名為「思覺失調症」的歷史軌跡〉。取自http://www.sop.org.tw/news/l_info.asp?/13.html
57. 周不潤（2014 年8 月30 日）。〈「老年癡呆症」是否有歧視？是否應正名？〉，《知乎》。取自https://www.zhihu.com/question/20755531
58. 林志明譯、Bourdieu, P.(2016)。布赫迪厄論電視。臺北:麥田。
59. 林宜慧（2014 年5 月3 日）。〈別叫精神分裂！更名「思覺失調症」〉，《中國時報》。取自http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20140503000346-260114
60. 林芳玫(1996)。女性與媒體再現：女性主義與社會建構論的觀點。臺北:巨流。
61. 厚生勞動省（2004 年12 月24 日）。《「痴呆」に替わる用語に関する検討会報告書》。取自http://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2004/12/s1224-17.html
62. 胡紹嘉(1999)。如果身體會說…：醫療報導語言中的人與身體。新聞學研究，61，1-30。
63. 香港醫院管理局。智友站。
64. 徐美苓(2001)。愛滋病與媒體。臺北:巨流。
65. 張志成譯、Blech, J.(2004)。發明疾病的人：現代醫療產業如何賣掉我們的健康？。臺北縣新店市:左岸文化。
66. 彭懷棟譯、Williams, R.(1985)。文化與社會：1780 至1950 年英國文化觀念之發展。臺北:聯經。
67. 程巍譯、Sontag, S.(2012)。疾病的隱喻。臺北:麥田。
68. 黃思瑜譯、Frances, A.(2015)。救救正常人：失控的精神醫學。新北市:左岸文化。
69. 臧國仁(1999)。新聞媒體與消息來源：媒介框架與真實建構之論述。臺北:三民。
70. 劉秀枝（2004 年10 月29 日）。〈與失智症共存：參加京都國際阿茲海默症大會所感〉。《聯合報》，E4 健康版。
71. 歐陽文貞(2013)。DSM-5 認知障礙症簡介。精神疾病診斷及統計手冊第五版通訊，3(2)，13-20。
72. 衛生福利部疾病管制署（2017 年2 月3 日）。〈HIV 月報106-11〉。取自http://www.cdc.gov.tw/info.aspx?treeid=1f07e8862ba550cf&nowtreeid=6c5ea6d932836f74&tid=99E64BB4C7A2EF8E
73. 衛生福利部統計處（2017 年5 月4 日）。〈104 年醫療統計年報〉。取自https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/cp-1921-9763-113.html
74. 羅竹風編(1997)。漢語大辭典。臺北:臺灣東華。

1. 蔡琰,臧國仁(2020)。反思「老人傳播」研究之方法論途徑：兼向心理學之人文轉向經驗借鑑。中華傳播學刊，37，259-289。
2. (2020)。大數據趨勢的老人形象研究轉向初探：新冠肺炎疫情下的老人形象。傳播管理學刊，21(2)，24-44。
3. (2022)。新聞如何再現老人：以臺灣《蘋果新聞網》之框架與內容分析為例。中華傳播學刊，41，205-236。
4. (2024)。臺灣無家者的污名：針對其日常生活實踐戰術的分析。新聞學研究，158，1-55。