胡景翼西安拘囚的經歷及其影響－以《胡景翼日記》為中心的探討

The Influence of Experience in Prison on Hu Jing-Yi in the Light of His Diary

10.7058/TAHJ.201112.0054

葉惠芬(Hui-Fen Yeh)

胡景翼 ； 故市事件 ； 西安拘囚 ； 陝西靖國軍 ； Hu Jing-Yi ； the Gushi Incident ； Imprisonment at Xian ； theNational Pacifying Army of Shaansi

國史館館刊

30期（2011 / 12 / 01）

53 - 102

繁體中文

民國建立之後，革命的成果幾乎全為北洋軍閥所攫奪，革命派被迫與北洋派妥協，以維持既有的地盤；或退居次要，甚至遠離政治核心。此種情勢在北方省份尤其顯著，許多革命派因此仍然標舉革命大纛，伺機進行各種反軍閥行動，以陝西為例，靖國軍的核心成員莫不如此，胡景翼亦為其中之一。雖然陝西靖國軍發動討陳戰役之初，曾對陝督陳樹藩造成嚴重威脅，但在面對北洋軍閥的強大壓力，加上各路靖國軍良莠不齊、號令不一之下，使討陳戰事逐漸陷入膠著，希望根本改善靖國軍體質，以突破僵局，胡景翼乃有故市之行，期望吸收陝軍舊日同僚，不幸卻被陳樹藩所俘。因曾隸屬陳樹藩，胡景翼也有趁機爭取同為革命派出身的陳樹藩加入南方護法行列，以陝西作為西北革命基地，進而扭轉護法戰役的劣勢局面，加快打倒北洋軍閥的想法。然而成為皖系督軍團一員的陳已與北洋軍閥沆瀣一氣，完全無法認同胡的提議，但了解胡是為解決陝局而非為個人；加上胡為靖國軍的總指揮，在靖國軍的地位舉足輕重，或許將來還有利用價值，因此只將他拘囚在西安督署偏一隅的樓中，並未加以殺害。從1918年9月22日抵達西安，直到1920年7月27日離開西安為止，胡景翼共在西安渡過兩年的拘囚生活，籍著日記的書寫，胡在其中記錄下他閱讀經史的收穫，紓發他個人的困頓際遇，也用心思考靖國軍、陝局或南北對立形勢的解決之道，渡過一段對其個人而言十分難得的意外人生。本文擬藉胡景翼西安拘囚的日記，梳理他如何以身為革命派一分子，於陷入敵營時表現剛毅不屈的氣節，同時從其對靖國軍及陳樹藩雙方的批評中，檢視他如何看待北洋時期處在軍閥壓倒性優勢下革命派的困境；也試圖從中勾勒出其成為一名文武兼資、術德兼修、愛國愛民的軍事將領的自我期許。

The founding of the Republic of China in 1911 with its revolutionary accomplishments was almost immediately destroyed by the powerful Northern Warlords who were not in support of it. The revolutionists had but to compromise with them so as to maintain their territories or to retreat from various centers of power politics. These pathetic situations were extremely serious especially in many northern provinces under the control of their respective warlords, with whom revolutionists resorted to various plans in combating them. A conspicuous example was Hu and other members of the National Pacifying Army in Shaansi who were waiting for the right opportunities to take actions against these opportunistic warlords. In the beginning, the National Pacifying Army did pose a threat to the Governor of Shaansi, Chen Shu-Fan. But with the pressure from the Northern Warlords and the problems within the Army, the fight against Chen had gone nowhere. Hu then decided to go to Gushi to talk to some of his old comrades, but unfortunately he was arrested and imprisoned in Xian. As he was once Chen's subordinate, Hu also intended to persuade him to join the Army so as to form a stronger league against the other Northern Warlords. But though once a member of the Revolutionary Army, Chen was now already in collusion with the Northern Warlords and rejected Hu's proposal. However, Chen did not think of killing Hu in response, as he fully understood both that Hu was not a selfish person and that he was an important figure in the National Pacifying Army. Instead, he kept him under detention in a cell in the Governor-General's Office. Hu stayed under Chen's imprisonment from September 22, 1918, the date of his arrival in Xian, to July 27 1920, the day he was released to leave the city. During his days of imprisonment, Hu wrote a diary, keeping record of what he read, describing his state of mind in prison, and his thinking about a solution to the chaotic situation. All this was a special experience to him. This study makes use of Hu's Diary for exploring into his existence as a revolutionist and his character qualities of indomitableness and fortitude. From the Diary we will appreciate Hu's personality as a man of refined learning and implacable military training. We will also come to understand he was also a patriotic and compassionate leader, trying every possible way to help and protect his people.

1. 葉惠芬(2007)。胡景翼與陝西靖國軍的建立。國史館學術集刊，12
   連結：
2. 渭南文史資料。
3. 《晨報》，北京，1920年份。
4. 洛陽文史資料。
5. (1990)。文史資料精選。北京:中國文史出版社。
6. (1986)。文史資料選輯。北京:中國文史出版社。
7. (1984)。西安文史資料。
8. (1984)。陝西文史資料。
9. 富平文史資料。
10. 中共陝西省委黨史資料徵集研究委員會編(1987)。陝西靖國軍。西安:陝西人民出版社。
11. 中國科學院近代史研究所編(1962)。一九一九年南北議和史料。北京:中華書局。
12. 中國國民黨中央委員會黨史史料編纂委員會編(1970)。革命文獻第50輯。臺北:中國國民黨中央委員會黨史史料編要委員會。
13. 中國第二歷史檔案館編(1992)。馮玉祥日記。南京:江蘇古籍出版社。
14. 王勤、楊榮(1994)。于右任與陝西靖國軍。西北史地，1994(1)
15. 李振民(1997)。陝西通史‧民國卷。西安:陝西師範大學出版社。
16. 李雲漢(1973)。于右任的一生。臺北:臺北市新聞記者公會。
17. 徐永昌(1989)。徐永昌求己齋回憶錄。臺北:傳記文學出版社。
18. 陝西革命先烈褒恤委員會編。西北革命史徵稿。上海書店。
19. 馬伯援(1984)。三十三年的賸話。新竹:清華大學。
20. 張鈁(1986)。風雨漫漫四十年。北京:中國文史出版社。
21. 郭廷以(1979)。中華民國史事日誌。臺北:中央研究院近代史研究所。
22. 章谷宜整理(1993)。胡景翼日記。南京:江蘇古籍出版社。
23. 楊曉東(2008)。曾胡治兵影響中國。謀略天地，2008(12)
24. 葉惠芬編註(2003)。閻錫山檔案─要電錄存。臺北:國史館。