以行動研究探討契約學習教學模式應用大學建築設計教學之可行性

Investigation of the Applicability of the Contract Learning Model in Teaching the "Architectural Design" Course in Universities by Action Research

10.6377/JA.200612.0063

王本壯(Ben-Chaung Wang)；周芳怡(Fang-Yi Chou)

建築設計 ； 契約學習 ； 行動研究 ； architectural design ； contract learning ； action research

建築學報

58期（2006 / 12 / 01）

63 - 93

繁體中文

在整體社會環境的快速變遷下，建築設計教學應有新的模式以因應社會發展趨勢的挑戰。本研究之目的為探究契約學習(contract learning)應用於大學建築設計教學之可行模式與建議。研究對象係以大學建築系二年級（一組七位學生）所開設之「建築設計」課程，進行為期一學期的行動研究(action research)，探究契約學習應用於大學建築設計教學之可行模式並提出具體之建議。 研究結果發現，為了使契約學習有效應用於大學建築設計教學，首先要建構一個「提問式的教育環境」；此外，教學者角色的調整、配合相關專業課程教學均是教學成效的重要關鍵。而其執行模式則包括：說明契約學習內涵並進行教學雙向溝通與輔導、診斷學習需要、界定學習目標、確定學習資源與策略、決定學習證據、選定評鑑工具及標準、教學雙方共同商訂學習契約、履行學習契約、進行學習評量、形成更佳的學習契約及教師與同儕在各階段的協助與支持等，共十一個項目。本研究結果提出一個可作為參考以改善現階段大學建築設計教學與學習困境的運作模式與建議方法。

Under the growing changes of the environment of the society, new models for teaching the ”Architectural Design” course becomes important in order to face the challenge of changes in the processes of development of a society. The research subject is the ”Architectural Design” course provided for the sophomore in the university (seven students in each group). An action research of the course has been performed for a semester in order to investigate the applicability of the ”contract learning” model in teaching the ”Architectural Design” course and to provide important suggestions. Results of this study indicated that in order to efficiently apply the contract learning model in the architectural design courses in universities, it is essential to build a ”problem-posing educational environment” at the first stage. Besides, adjustment of teachers' role and well-matched professional teaching courses are also the key factors for the efficiency of teaching. The executive model includes eleven items, they are explaining the learning content, exchanging communication for both teaching and learning, diagnosing learning needs, defining learning goals, confirming learning resources and strategies, deciding learning evidence, selecting evaluation tools and standards, dual learning contract for both teaching and learning sides, accomplishing learning contract, and proceeding learning evaluation. This study provided a model and important suggestions for solving the problems of the difficulties in teaching and learning in the ”Architectural Design” course taught in universities.

1. Chiu S. R.(2005).Research on the Comprehensiveness and Profundity Characteristics of the Western Architectural Theory.Journal of Architecture,52,87-99.
   連結：
2. Chiu, M. L(2000).Issues in Architectural Design Protocol Documentation and Analysis.Journal of Architecture,34,11-37.
   連結：
3. Chiu, M. L.(2001).A Study of Spatial Contexts and Design Interfaces in the Virtual Environment.Journal of Architecture,34,123-146.
   連結：
4. Tzeng C. T.,Huang P.(2002).The Professional Liability of Architects.Journal of Architecture,39,23-36.
   連結：
5. Wang, W. C.(2000).On Louis I. Kahn`s Architecture & Architectural Education.Journal of Architecture,34,105-120.
   連結：
6. Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs:NJ, Prentice-Hall.
7. Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
8. Investigating Information Systems with Action Research
9. Caffarella, R.(1983).Fostering self-directed learning in post-secondary education: the use of learning contracts.Lifelong learning.
10. Caffarella, R.(1983).Fostering self-directed learning in post-secondary education: the use of learning contracts.Lifelong learning,7(3),7-26.
11. Chang H. H.(1995).Effective Adult Reaching.Shta Book.
12. Chang H. H.(1992).An Experimentation of Using Learning Contracts on Teaching the Course Entitled "Sun Yat-Sen`s Thoughts".Bulletin of National Taiwan Normal University.
13. Chang J. F(2001).Knowledge Management and the Theory of Knowledge Creation Discussion in Knowledge Economy Era.Journal of Public Administration National Chengchi University,5,145-178.
14. Checkland, P.,Holwell S.(1998).Action research: its nature and validity.Systemic Practice and Action Research,11(1),9-21.
15. Checkland, P.,Holwell S.(1998).Action research: its nature and validity,.Systemic Practice and Action Research,11(1),9-21.
16. Chen C. B.(2004).The Improving Way of Higher education in Taiwan.Educational Resources and Research.
17. Chen, B. Z.(1990).New Dimension of Education Research: Qualitative Research.
18. Chin, M. L(1996).Architectural Design Collaboration, Communication, and Management in the Distributed Environment.Journal of Architecture,17,45-59.
19. Chiu, M. L(1998).Case-Based Design and Reasoning in Architectural Design (2): Building a Case-Based Reasoning System.Journal of Architecture,26,1-17.
20. Chiu, M. L(1998).The Behavioral Study of Case Adaptation in Case-Based Architectural Design.Journal of Architecture,25,87-104.
21. Chiu, T. E(1997).A Study of Design History Development and Teaching: The Difference between Taiwan and the West in Perspective.The Volume of Technology and Thaching Preseminar Paper in 1998,5-19/1-27.
22. Chung U. L.,Kao C. H.,Wu S. F.(1999).The Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Contract Learning in Clinical Teaching of Nursing.The Journal of Nursing Research,7(6),553-568.
23. Freire, P.(1971).Pedagogy of the oppressed.
24. Ho C. J.(1998).Facilitating Self-Directed Learning: A Reflection on Using Contract Learning as an Instructional Strategy.Proceedings of the National Science Council (Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences),8(3),417-426.
25. Hsu, S. Y.(2002).Using Learning Contracts in the Teaching of Integrated Curriculum in Elementary Schools.Journal of Taipei Municipal Teachers College,33,263-280.
26. Huang F. S.(2004).Facing the Challenge of Knowledge Society by Lifelong learning.Life Growth and Love,51-80.
27. Huang S. M.(1994).The Topics of Curriculum Design and Related Research about Architectural Programming.Journal of Architecture,,10,111-124.
28. Hubel, V.,Lussow D.,Zhang J. C.(1994).Focus on designing.
29. Hubel, V、Lussow D.、張建成(1994)。基本設計概論
30. Hunag, Y. M.(1997).Concept Games and Environmental design: a case of an Architectural Design Studio.Journal of Architecture,20,95-107.
31. Jones, J. C.,Zhang J. C.(1992).Design methods.
32. Jones,J. C.、張建成(1992)。設計方法。台北:六合出版社。
33. Kaswarm, C. E.(1983).An examination of self-directed contract learning as an instructional strategy.Innovative higher education.
34. Knowles, M. S.(1986).Using learning contracts.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
35. Knowles, M. S.(1986).Using learning contractr.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
36. Lee Y. J.,Her, J. F(1995).A New paradigm on Community Environmental Planning.Journal of Architecture,12,113-122.
37. Lin C. H.(1997).A Study on Basic Design Education.Tunghai Journal,38,97-114.
38. Lin C. Y.(1991).The Purpose and Principle of Architectural Forms.Journal of Architecture,3,125-142.
39. Lin S. Y.(1971).Visual Art.
40. OECD(1996).Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry.
41. OECD(1996)。科學、技術與產業展望報告書
42. Shen, C. L.(2001).Rethinking the Practice of holistic education in college: a Whitehead view.Volume of Holistic Education Proseminar Paper,83-102.
43. Shih, N. J.,Shen, T. H.(1997).A Survey Study of Architecture Undergraduate Cad Education.Journal of Architecture,21,101-118.
44. Tsai Q. T.(2000).Educational Action Research.
45. Tsai, J. H(1997).A Primany Study of Heuristic Structure and it`s Application in Architectuer Design Course.Journal of Architecture,22,45-62.
46. World declaration on higher education for the twenty-first century: vision and action
47. Wang, B, C(2002).Applying Creativity of Promoting Integrated Community Development A Case of Beautiful Town in Chu-Tong.Journal of National Lien-Ho Institute of Technology,21,69-85.
48. Wang, C. K.(1999).The Research for the Jury System of the Education of Architecture.Journal of Architecture,30,93-112.
49. Wang, M. H.(1991).What Do Architectural Linguists Say? A Critical Review of Languages of Design.Journal of Architecture,3,143-152.
50. Whitehead, A. N.(1953).The aims of education.New York:MacMillan.
51. Wu, M. C.(1994).Education Research: the Analysis of Basic concept and approach.
52. Xia, Z. J.(2001).The Trend of Architectural Education in Global Informational Society (Ⅰ、Ⅱ).Feng Chia Alumni Monthly.
53. Zhan, Y. H.(2000).Construct Apprenticeship by Learning Contract.Corporate Synergy.
54. Zhang, S. P,Huang, G X.,Jian M. F.(1991).Action Research.Education Research
55. 王本壯(2002)。社區總體營造過程中的創造力運用：以竹東美之城為例。聯合學報，21，69-85。
56. 王明蘅(1991)。建築語言學在說些什麼？：「設計語言」研究的困境。建築學報，3，143-152。
57. 王紀鯤(1999)。建築教育中的評圖制度。建築學報，30，93-112。
58. 何青蓉(1998)。促進自我導向學習：一個契約學習教學實驗的省思。國家科學委員會們二究彙刊：人文及社會科學，8(3)，417-426。
59. 吳明清(1994)。教育研究：基本觀念與方法之分析
60. 李永展、何紀芳(1995)。社區環境規劃之新範型。建築學報，12，113-122。
61. 沈翠蓮(2001)。從懷海德教育目的論再思大學全人教育的實踐。全人教育研討會論文集
62. 林季芸(1991)。建築形式的目標與原則。建築學報，3，125-142。
63. 林書堯(1971)。視覺藝術
64. 林崇宏(1997)。基本設計課程研究。東海學報，38，97-114。
65. 邱宗成(1997)。從中心比較的觀點看設計史發展與教學。八十六年技術與教學研討會論文集
66. 邱茂林(1998)。建築設計中的案例式設計與推理（二）：案例式推理系統之建構研究。建築學報，26，1-17。
67. 邱茂林(1998)。案例式建築設計中案例調適之行為探討。建築學報，25，87-104。
68. 邱茂林(1996)。分散式環境下建築設計合作、溝通、與管理之探討。建築學報，17，45-59。
69. 施乃中、沈宗樺(1997)。建築系大學部電腦輔助設計教育之調查研究。建築學報，21，101-118。
70. 夏鑄九(2001)。全球寶訊化社會的建築教育趨勢（上、下）。逢甲人月刊，108/109
71. 徐世瑜(2002)。契約學習在主題統整教學上之應用。台北市立師範學院學報，33，263-280。
72. 張世平、黃光雄、簡茂發(1991)。教育研究法。台北:師火書苑。
73. 張秀雄(1992)。契約學習法在「國父思想」教學中的試驗。帥大學報，37，209-230。
74. 張秀雄(1995)。契約學習法在成人教育中的應用。有效的成人教學，197-284。
75. 張榮發(2001)。知識經濟時代下知識管理與知識創造理論初探。公共行政學報，5，145-178。
76. 陳伯璋(1990)。教育研究方法的新取向：質的研究方法
77. 陳淳斌(2004)。我國高等教育教學改進的途徑。教育資料與研究，59，63-67。
78. 黃世孟(1994)。建築計劃課程設計及其相關研究課題。建築學報，10，111-124。
79. 黃衍明(1997)。概念遊戲與環境設計：以一個建築設計的習作為例。建築學報，20，95-107。
80. 黃富順(2004)。以終身學習迎接知識社會的挑戰。生命成長與愛，51-80。
81. 詹瑜蕙(2000)。契約學習的師徒制建構：企業師徙制復古風再現。中衛簡訊，69-74。
82. 蔡仁惠(1997)。誘導式結構初探與建築設計教學之應用。建築學報，22，45-62。
83. 蔡清田(2000)。教育行動研究

1. 陳信安、郭章淵(2013)。整合式建築設計工作坊教學之比較研究。建築學報，83，79-93。
2. 王本壯(2016)。應用系統性創新理論於大學建築設計課程初學者之研究。建築學報，97，1-19。
3. 翁國華、孫啟榕、吳韻吾(2013)。建構式學習活動應用於建築設計課程教學成效之探討。建築學報，83，1-18。