農村生境地圖繪製模式的建構與應用

The Establishment and Application of Rural Biotope Mapping Model

林敬妤(Ching-Yu Lin)；李素馨(Su-Shin Lee)；吳治達(Chih-Da Wu)；莊永忠(Yung-Chung Chuang)

生境 ； 生態系統服務 ； 地景規劃 ； Biotope ； Ecosystem Services ； Landscape Planning

建築學報

86期（2013 / 12 / 01）

169 - 190

繁體中文

農地具有豐富之生態功能，對人類社會存有重要貢獻，但卻隨著人們對土地的需求而加速消逝的命運。本文透過文獻回顧發現，以生態為視角、生境規劃為手段，確可達到農村地景保育的目標，進而發展出人地永續共存的局面。為達此目的，生境地圖的繪製實為首要任務。基於此，本研究以宜蘭縣三星鄉為研究試區，目的在於透過文獻回顧與案例探討，從根本上探究生境之意涵與生境地圖的繪製原則，並結合文獻分析、田野調查、地圖判釋、專家焦點團體法與GIS空間分析等研究方法，以建構臺灣農村生境地圖繪製模式。研究結果有幾項發現：（1）生境意涵受研究目的與繪圖方式的影響；（2）人與生態能夠協調共存的觀點，賦予生境規劃與管理之作為積極存在之意義；（3）生境地圖的繪製需因地制宜；（4）臺灣農村生境繪圖模式可提供未來在地農村生境地圖繪圖參照；（5）本文建構之農村生境類型可為臺灣農村生境繪圖空間單位之參考。

Agricultural land provides important ecological services for human society. In recent years, the considerable demands on living space are deteriorating the existence of agricultural land. Previous research indicates that ecological perspective based on zonal planning plays an important role to achieve the goal of rural landscape conservation. Moreover, biotope mapping provides an efficient mean to develop the sustainable relationship between people and land. This study firstly reviewed literatures to clarify the principles of biotope mapping, and then took Saxing Township, Yilan County as a case study to develop the Taiwan rural biotope model. Several methodologies were integrated in this study, including reference review, field survey, aerial photo interpretation, focus group discussion, and Geographical Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. This study is the first study in Taiwan which applied the biotope mapping methodology on rural landscape conservation. Our results should be able to serve as a reference for future landscape planning.

1. 林敬妤、吳治達、莊永忠(2012)。宜蘭農村地景變遷時空分析─以三星鄉尾塹村、大洲村與大義村為例。地理學報，64，1-20。
   連結：
2. 盧惠敏(2006)。以蜻蜓生物托邦（biotope）為導向的生態地景設計模式及其應用範例。建築學報，55，147-174。
   連結：
3. 三星鄉公所（2010）。三星鄉地理環境。引用於99年12月15日，取自http://www.sanshing.gov.tw/releaseRedirect.do?unitID=160&pageID=4917。San Shing Township Office (2010). Sān Xīng Xiāng Dì Lǐ Huánjjìng. Retrieved Dec. 15, 1999 from http://www.sanshing.gov.tw/releaseRedirect.do?unitID=160&pageID=4917.
4. 黃巧雯（2011）。世紀末台溫度恐增逾2 度。引用於2011 年12 月13 日，取自http://www.cna.com.tw/News/firstnews/201111090072-1.aspx Huang, Q. W. (2011). Shi Ji Motai Wen Du Kong Zeng Yyu Liang Du. Retrieved Dec. 13, 2011 from http://www.cna.com.tw/News/firstnews/201111090072-1.aspx.
5. Coastal Wiki (2011). Biotopes and Classification Systems. Retrieved Dec 7, 2011 from http://www.coastalwiki.org/coastalwiki/Biotopes_and_classification_systems.
6. Department of Planning and Development, Seattle.gov. (2010). Seattle Green Factor. Retrieved Dec. 20, 2010 from_http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/Permits/GreenFactor/Overview
7. 廖桂賢（2006）。「永續城市的環境策略」柏林運用Biotope Area Factor（生物棲地指數），將自然帶回都市。引用於2011 年12 月8 日， 取自http://blog.yam.com/kueihsienl/article/1260343 Liao, G. X. (2006).「Yong Xu Cheng Shi De Huan Jing Ce Lue」Berlin Yun Yong Biotope Area Factor（Sheng Wu Qi Di Zhi Shu）, Jiang Zi Ran Dai Hui Dou Shi. Retrieved Dec. 8, 2011 from http://blog.yam.com/kueihsienl/article/1260343
8. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, Berlin.de (2010). A Green City Center - BAF - Biotope Area Factor: Situation. Retrieved Dec. 22, 2010 from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landschaftsplanung/bff/en/situation.shtml
9. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, Berlin. de (2011). A Green City Center - BAF - Biotope Area Factor. Retrieved Jun. 20, 2011 from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landschaftsplanung/bff/en/bff_berechnung.shtml
10. Albani, A.,Barbero, R. S.,Donnici, S.(2007).Foraminifera as ecological indicators in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy.Ecological Indicators,7(2),239-253.
11. Axelrod, M. D.(1975).Ten Essentials for Good Qualitative Research.Marketing News,8(17),6-7.
12. Burgess, J.,Harrison, C.M.,Limb, M.(1988).People, parks and the urban green: A study of popular meanings and values for open spaces in the city.Urban Studies,25(6),455-473.
13. Butaye, J.,Honnay, O.,Hermy, M.(1999).Vegetation mapping as an aid in detecting temporal vegetation changes in the Demer valley (Belgium).Belgian Journal of Botany,132(2),119-140.
14. Cepel, N.(1995).Cevre Koruma ve Ekoloji Terimleri Sozlugu: Türkçe, Almanca, İngilizce.Istanbul, TR:?.U. Orman Fakultesi.
15. Cilliers, S. S.,Müller, N.,Drewes, E.(2004).Overview on urban nature conservation: Situation in the western-grassland biome of South Africa.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,3(1),49-62.
16. Freeman, C.,Buck, O.(2003).Development of an ecological mapping methodology for urban areas in New Zealand.Landscape and Urban Planning,63(3),161-173.
17. Frey, J.(1999).Practical aspects of biotope mapping in cities: methods, problems and solutions, an example of Mainz, Germany.Biotope Mapping in the Urban Environment,Rotterdam, NL:
18. Gove, P. B.(1981).Webster's Third New International Dictionary.IL, USA:Encyclopedia Britannica Inc..
19. Hoffmann-Kroll, R.,Schäfer, D.,Seibel, S.(2003).Landscape indicators from ecological area sampling in Germany.Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment,98(1-3),363-370.
20. Holmes, S.(1989).Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms.London, UK:Longman.
21. Hong, S. K.,Song, I. J.,Byun, B. S.,Yoo, S.,Nakagoshi, N.(2005).Application of biotope mapping for spatial environmental planning and policy: Case studies in urban ecosystems in Korea.Landscape and Ecological Engineering,1(2),101-112.
22. Ihse, M.(2007).Colour infrared aerial photography as a tool for vegetation mapping and change detection in environmental studies of Nordic ecosystems: A review.Norwegian Journal of Geography,61(4),170-191.
23. Kim, K. H.,Pauleit, S.(2007).Landscape character, biodiversity and land use planning: The case of Kwangju City Region, South Korea.Land Use Policy,24(1),264-274.
24. Lakes, T.,Kim, H. O.(2011).The urban environmental indicator "Biotope Area Ratio"-An enhanced approach to assess and manage the urban Ecosystem Services using high resolution remote-sensing.Ecological Indicators,13(1),93-103.
25. Liu, Y.,Loh, H. T.,Sun, A.(2009).Imbalanced text classification: A term weighting approach.Expert Systems with Applications,36(1),690-701.
26. Löfvenhaft, K.,Björn, C.,Ihse, M.(2002).Biotope patterns in urban areas: A conceptual model integrating biodiversity issues in spatial planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,58(2-4),223-240.
27. Löfvenhaft, K.,Runborg, S.,Sjögren-Gulve, P.(2004).Biotope patterns and amphibian distribution as assessment tools in urban landscape planning.Landscape and Urban Planning,68(4),403-427.
28. Mansuroglu, S.,Ortacesme, V.,Karaguzel, O.(2006).Biotope mapping in an urban environment and its implications for urban management in Turkey.Journal of Environmental Management,81(3),175-187.
29. Maurer, U.,Peschel, T.,Schmitz, S.(2000).The flora of selected urban land-use types in Berlin and Potsdam with regard to nature conservation in cities.Landscape and Urban Planning,46(4),209-215.
30. Münier, B.,Nygaard, B.,Ejrnæs, R.,Bruun, H. G.(2001).A biotope landscape model for prediction of semi-natural vegetation in Denmark.Ecological Modelling,139(2-3),221-233.
31. Porter, J.,Costanza, R.,Sandhu, H.,Sigsgaard, L.,Wratten, S.(2009).The value of producing food, energy, and ecosystem services within an agro-ecosystem.AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment,38(4),186-193.
32. Qiu, L.,Gao, T.,Gunnarsson, A.,Hammer, M.,von Bothmer, R.(2010).A methodological study of biotope mapping in nature conservation.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,9(2),161-166.
33. Reumer, J. W. F.,Epe, M. J.(1999).Biotope mapping in Rotterdam - The background of a project.Biotope Mapping in the Urban Environment,Rotterdam, NL:
34. Rossi, P.,Pecci, A.,Amadio, V.,Rossi, O.,Soliani, L.(2008).Coupling indicators of ecological value and ecological sensitivity with indicators of demographic pressure in the demarcation of new areas to be protected: The case of the Oltrepò Pavese and the Ligurian-Emilian Apennine area (Italy).Landscape and Urban Planning,85(1),12-26.
35. Schulte, W.,Sukopp, H.,Werner, P.(1993).Flachendeckende biotopkartierung im besiedelten bereich als grundlage einer am naturschutz orientierten planung.Natur und Landschaft,68(10),491-526.
36. Sukopp, H.,Weiler, S.(1988).Biotope mapping and nature conservation strategies in urban areas of the Federal Republic of Germany.Landscape and Urban Planning,15(1-2),39-58.
37. Swinton, S. M.,Lupi, F.,Robertson, G. P.,Hamilton, S. K.(2007).Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits.Ecological Economics,64(2),245-252.
38. United Nations Environment Programme(2002).GEO-3: Global Environmental Outlook Report 3.Nairobi, KE:United Nations Environment Programme.
39. Watson, R. T.(Ed.),Noble, I. R.(Ed.),Bolin, B.(Ed.),Ravindranath, N. H.(Ed.),Verardo, D. J.(Ed.),Dokken, D. J.(Ed.)(2000).A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
40. Yu, X. J.,Ng, C. N.(2007).Spatial and temporal dynamics of urban sprawl along two urban-rural transects: A case study of Guangzhou, China.Landscape and Urban Planning,79(1),96-109.
41. 林憲德(1999)。城鄉生態。台北市=Taipei:詹氏書局=Chan's Arch-Publishing。
42. 林燕山、蘇惠璋、林志清、黃英婷(2008)。以時間軸向探討國土利用調查作業演進及成果整合應用。國土資訊系統通訊，66，55-76。
43. 胡幼慧編(2009)。質性研究─理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北市=Taipei:巨流=Jju Liu。
44. 孫新章、周海林、謝高地(2007)。中國農田生態系統的服務功能及其經濟價值。中國人口資源與環境，17(4)，55-60。
45. 貢穀紳(1996)。昆蟲學。台中市=Taichung:國立中興大學農學院=College of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University。
46. 歐素汝譯、Stewart, D. W.、Shamdasani, P. N.(2000)。焦點團體：理論與實務。台北市=Taipei:弘智文化事業有限公司=Hurng-Chih Book Co., Ltd.。
47. 蔡銀鶯、張安碌(2010)。農地生態與農地價值關係。北京=Beijing:科學出版社=Science。

1. 陳朱廷,張學聖(2020)。農地未登記工廠處理方案之生態系統服務影響分析－以彰化縣為例。建築學報，114，41-60。
2. 邱浩瑋、李素馨(2018)。台江國家公園四草濕地生境格局與生態系統服務價值之時空變遷分析。戶外遊憩研究，31(4)，63-94。