A Study of Trackball Manipulation in Ship Simulator

艦船軌跡球操控之研究

10.29977/JCIIE.200809.0004

姚怡然(Yi-Jan Yau)；李英聯(Ying-Lien Lee)；趙金榮(Chin-Jung Chao)；黃雪玲(Sheue-Ling Hwang)

軌跡球 ； 上下起伏 ； 左右搖擺 ； 前後俯仰 ； trackball ； motion ； heave ； roll ； pitch

工業工程學刊

25卷5期（2008 / 09 / 01）

379 - 388

英文

許多研究曾指出在運動的載台上使用搖桿進行輸入作業，載台的運動會影響輸入的績效；也有研究發現在靜態的環境下使用滑鼠，滑鼠的移動速度會因移動角度不同而有所差異；然而很少的研究曾經探討在不同的載台運動方向與不同的游標移動方向對使用軌跡球進行輸入作業的影響。本研究主要探討船艦載台不同的運動模式（靜態、上下起伏、左右搖擺、前後俯仰與隨機運動）與平面游標移動角度(0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270° and 315°)對使用三種不同軌跡球的影響。實驗結果指出軌跡球的形式、載台運動方向與游標移動角度顯著影響游標的移動時間，而軌跡球的形式與載台的運動方向、載台的運動方向與游標的移動角度間之交互作用顯著。軌跡球的形式與和載台的運動方向顯著影響點選作業的正確率。受試者主觀評量的結果也顯示載台的運動方向與軌跡球的形式對操控難易度有顯著影響。從實驗中發現不論主觀與客觀的分析結果均顯示在隨機運動的環境下操控軌跡球是最困難的，左右搖擺、前後俯仰的運動環境次之，靜態與上下起伏的影響最小。本研究結果可以協助設計者藉由減低對載台運動的敏感性，進而發展更有效率而且更容易操作的介面與選擇適當的操控台擺設位置。

Numerous studies have found that the performance of manipulating a joystick on input tasks was affected by vehicle motion, and the movement speed of mouse was affected by different movement angles on static environment. However, very few studies have investigated the effects of motion direction of platform and the movement angle of cursor on the performance of using different trackballs. This study investigated the effects of different platform motion directions (static, heave, roll, pitch and random) and cursor movement angles (0°, 45°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270° and 315°) on manipulating three different kinds of trackballs to conduct the point-and-click task. The results indicated that the input device, motion direction and movement angle have significant effects on movement time, and the interaction of input device * motion direction and motion direction * movement angle were also significant. The effects of input device and motion direction on accuracy were significant. The subjective evaluation also indicated that the motion direction on the difficulty of manipulating track-balls and the effects of trackballs were significant. The objective and subjective evaluations all indicated that manipulating trackballs in random motion was the most difficult, and in roll or pitch motions was also more difficult than that in static or heave. Our findings could help designers develop more efficient and comfortable interfaces, and consoles which are less sensitive to ship motions.

1. Accot, J.,S. Zhai(2002).More than dotting the i's-Foundations for crossing-based interfaces.Proceedings of the SIGCHI 2002 conference on Human factors in computing systems: Changing our world, changing ourselves,New York:
2. Accot, J.,S. Zhai(1999).Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction Conference on Human factors in Computing Systems.New York:
3. Bittner, A. C.,J. C. Guignard(1985).Human factor engineering principles for minimizing adverse ship motion effects: theory and practice.Naval Engineering Journal,97,205-213.
4. Boritz, J.,K. Booth,W. Cowan(1991).Fitts` law studies of directional mouse movement.Proceeding of the Graphics Interface.
5. Brown, D. K.(1985).The value of reducing ship motions.Naval Engineering Journal,97,41-46.
6. Chaparro, A.,M. Bohan,J. Fernandez,B. Kattel,S. D. Choi(1999).Is the trackball a better input device for the older computer user?.Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation,9,33-43.
7. Crossland, P.,A. R. J. M. Lloyd(1993).Report DRA/AWMH/TR/93025.Farnborough, UK:Defense Research Agency.
8. Dobie, T. G.(2003).Critical Significance of Human Factors in Ship Design.Proceedings of the Research Vessel Operators Committee Meeting
9. Grandt, M.,C. Pfendler,O. Mooshage(2003).Empirical comparison of five input devices for anti-air warfare operators.Proceedings of the 8th International Command and Control Technology Symposium (ICCRTS),Washington DC:
10. Griffin, M. J.(1990).Handbook of Human Vibration.London, UK:Academic Press.
11. Hill, S. G.,R. A. Tauson(2005).Soldier performance issues in C2 "On the Move".Proceedings of the 10th International Command and Control Technology Symposium (ICCRTS),McLean Virginia:
12. Hsu, P. W.,M. J. Wang(2003).Trackball evaluation under different task.Proceeding of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineering.
13. International Standards Organization(1994).International Standard: Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)-Part 9: Requirements for Non-keyboard Input Devices.
14. Jagacinski, R. J.,L. D. Monk(1985).Fitts' law in two dimensions with hand and head movements.Journal of Motor Behavio,17,77-95.
15. Lewis, C. H.,M. J. Griffin(1978).A review of the effects of vibration on visual acuity and continuous manual control, part II-Continuous manual control.Journal of Sound and Vibration,56,415-457.
16. MacKenzie, I. S.,A. Seller,W. Buxton(1991).A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and dragging tasks.Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,New York:
17. MacKenzie, I. S.,W. Buxton(1992).Extending Fitts' law to two dimensional tasks.Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,California:
18. McLeod, P.,C. Poulton,H. D. Ross,W. Lewis(1980).The influence of ship motion on manual control skills.Ergonomics,23,623-634.
19. McLeod, R.,M. Griffin(1989).A review of the effects of whole-body translational vibration on continuous manual control performance.Journal of Sound and Vibration,133,55-115.
20. Pingree, B. J. W.(1988).A review of human performance in a ship motion environment.Warship Technology,May,73-76.
21. Sanders, M. S.,E. J. McCormick(1993).Human Factors in Engineering and Design.New York:McGraw-Hill.
22. Wertheim, A. H.(1998).Working in a moving environment.Ergonomics,41,1845-1858.
23. Whisenand, T. G.,H. H. Emurian(1996).Effects of angle of approach on cursor movement with a mouse: consideration of Fitts` law.Computer in Human Behavior,12,481-495.
24. Woods, V.,S. Hastings,P. Buckle,R. Haslam(2002).HSE research report 045.London:Health and Safety Executive.