Changes in Physiological Parameters Induced by Simulated Driving Tasks: Morning VS. Afternoon Session

模擬駕駛任務所引發的生理參數變化：早上vs.下午時段

10.29977/JCIIE.200811.0003

梁文杰(Wen-Chieh Liang)；阮約翰(John Yuan)；孫德銓(D. C. Sun)；林明漢(Ming-Han Lin)

駕駛疲勞 ； 心率變異 ； 恆定 ； 自律神經系統 ； 模擬駕駛 ； driving fatigue ； heart rate variability HRV ； homeostasis ； autonomic nervous system ANS ； simulated driving

工業工程學刊

25卷6期（2008 / 11 / 01）

457 - 471

英文

Introduction: Driving fatigue is one of the most common causes for traffic accidents. Immobilization of legs, hip, and waist is thought to play a major role in driving fatigue, as it hinders blood circulation and induce hemodynamic changes. Objective: the objective of the study was to monitor changes in physiological parameters before and after in-door simulated driving tasks conducted in the morning as well as afternoon sessions. Methods: 40 young male subjects were randomly divided into morning (group A) and afternoon (group B) sessions and participated in the 90-min simulated in-door driving task. Before and after the task, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured using a novel wrist monitor ANS Watch(superscript ®) which utilized built-in bio-sensors in the cuff to acquire radial pulse waves directly. Palm temperatures were measured by a high-precision thermometer. A questionnaire ranking driving fatigue was filled by each volunteer before and after the driving task. Results: (1) From paired t-tests, both the morning and afternoon driving tasks caused decreases in HR and palm temperatures, and increases in HRV and VLF(AU) (Very low frequency (absolute unit)); For the morning session, LF(AU) (Low frequency (absolute unit)) and LF(NU) (Low frequency (normalized unit)) increased while HF(NU) (High frequency (normalized unit)) decreased; In contrast, LF(NU) and LF/HF decreased while HF(NU) increased for the afternoon session (all changes p＜0.05). Systolic pressure was maintained in the morning session but dropped in the afternoon session (p＜0.05). (2) From one-way and two-way MANOVA analyses, there was no significant difference between morning and afternoon session for the entire group of physiological parameters measured before or after driving tasks; However, LF(AU), LF(NU), and LF/HF three individual parameters measured before driving were higher in the afternoon session than in the morning session (p＜0.05). (3) From written questionnaire, all subjects felt some degree of fatigue following the driving task. No statistical difference existed between the two driving sessions in terms of fatigue score baseline or score change due to driving. Conclusion: Multiple physiological parameters showed significant changes after simulated driving tasks. Distinct trends were found between the two driving sessions. In the morning session, poor circulation in the lower body (limbs, abdomen, and hip) caused decrease in palm temperatures and HR, but BP were maintained due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system as evidenced by increased HRV, LF(AU), and LF(NU). For the afternoon session, palm temperatures, HR and systolic pressure were all lowered. Parasympathetic nervous system was activated [indicated by increased HF(NU)] prompting the body to enter a sleepy state, which greatly increases accident risks in actual road driving. Monitoring of multiple physiological parameters in the study had gained great insight into mechanisms of homeostasis and provided a foundation in the future work to quantify driving fatigue in terms of degree of deviation from homeostatic states.

Introduction: Driving fatigue is one of the most common causes for traffic accidents. Immobilization of legs, hip, and waist is thought to play a major role in driving fatigue, as it hinders blood circulation and induce hemodynamic changes. Objective: the objective of the study was to monitor changes in physiological parameters before and after in-door simulated driving tasks conducted in the morning as well as afternoon sessions. Methods: 40 young male subjects were randomly divided into morning (group A) and afternoon (group B) sessions and participated in the 90-min simulated in-door driving task. Before and after the task, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured using a novel wrist monitor ANS Watch(superscript ®) which utilized built-in bio-sensors in the cuff to acquire radial pulse waves directly. Palm temperatures were measured by a high-precision thermometer. A questionnaire ranking driving fatigue was filled by each volunteer before and after the driving task. Results: (1) From paired t-tests, both the morning and afternoon driving tasks caused decreases in HR and palm temperatures, and increases in HRV and VLF(AU) (Very low frequency (absolute unit)); For the morning session, LF(AU) (Low frequency (absolute unit)) and LF(NU) (Low frequency (normalized unit)) increased while HF(NU) (High frequency (normalized unit)) decreased; In contrast, LF(NU) and LF/HF decreased while HF(NU) increased for the afternoon session (all changes p＜0.05). Systolic pressure was maintained in the morning session but dropped in the afternoon session (p＜0.05). (2) From one-way and two-way MANOVA analyses, there was no significant difference between morning and afternoon session for the entire group of physiological parameters measured before or after driving tasks; However, LF(AU), LF(NU), and LF/HF three individual parameters measured before driving were higher in the afternoon session than in the morning session (p＜0.05). (3) From written questionnaire, all subjects felt some degree of fatigue following the driving task. No statistical difference existed between the two driving sessions in terms of fatigue score baseline or score change due to driving. Conclusion: Multiple physiological parameters showed significant changes after simulated driving tasks. Distinct trends were found between the two driving sessions. In the morning session, poor circulation in the lower body (limbs, abdomen, and hip) caused decrease in palm temperatures and HR, but BP were maintained due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system as evidenced by increased HRV, LF(AU), and LF(NU). For the afternoon session, palm temperatures, HR and systolic pressure were all lowered. Parasympathetic nervous system was activated [indicated by increased HF(NU)] prompting the body to enter a sleepy state, which greatly increases accident risks in actual road driving. Monitoring of multiple physiological parameters in the study had gained great insight into mechanisms of homeostasis and provided a foundation in the future work to quantify driving fatigue in terms of degree of deviation from homeostatic states.

1. Carrasco, S.,R. Gonzalez,J. Jimenez,R. Roman,V. Medina,J. Azpiroz(1998).Comparison of the heart rate variability parameters obtained from the electrocardiogram and the blood pressure wave.Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology,22,195-205.
2. Fauchier, L.,D. Babuty,M. L. Autret,P. Poret,P. Cosnay,J. P. Fauchier(1998).Influence of duration and hour of recording on spectral measurement of heart rate variability.Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System,73,1-6.
3. Freitas, J.,P. Lago,J. Puig,M. J. Carvalho,O. Costa,A. F. de Freitas(1997).Circadian heart rate variability rhythm in shift workers.Journal of Electrocardiology,30,39-44.
4. Fumio, K.,W. Takemasa,W. Misuzu,A. Yasuhiro,T. Teruyuki,N. Taisuke,F. Hikari,T. Kiyomi,O. Akiyoshi,O. Rumi,H. Junichiro(2002).Blood pressure and heart rate variability in taxi drivers on long duty schedules.Journal of Occupational Health,44,214-220.
5. Garde, A. H.,B. Laursen,A. H. Jorgensen,B. R. Jensen(2002).Effects of mental and physical demands on heart rate variability during computer work.European Journal of Applied Physiology,87,456-461.
6. Giardino, N. D.,P. M. Lehrer,R. Edelberg(2002).Comparison of finger plethysmograph to ECG in the measurement of heart rate variability.Psychophysiology,39,246-253.
7. Hjortskov, N.,D. Rissen,A. K. Blansted,N. Fallentin,U. Lundberg,K. Sogaard(2004).The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work.European Journal of Applied Physiology,92,84-89.
8. Jiao, K.,Z. Y. Li,M. Chen,C. Wang,S. Qi(2004).Effect of different vibration frequencies on heart rate variability and driving fatigue in healthy drivers.International Archives of Occupational and Environment Health,77,205-212.
9. Jorna, P. G. A. M.(1993).Heart rate and workload variations in actual and simulated flight.Ergonomics,36,1043-1054.
10. Lal, S. K. L.,A. Craig(2001).A critical of the psychophysiology of driver fatigue.Biological Psychology,55,173-194.
11. Lee, Y. H.,B. S. Liu(2003).In-flight workload assessment: comparison of subjective and physiological measurements.Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine,74,1078-1084.
12. Li, Z. Y.,C. T. Wang,F. T. Arthur Mak,H. K. Daniel Chow(2005).Effect of acupuncture on heart rate variability in normal subjects under fatigue and non-fatigue.European Journal of Applied Physiology,94,633-640.
13. Li, Z. Y.,K. Jiao,M. Chen,C. T. Wang(2003).Effect of magnitopuncture on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activities in healthy drivers-assessment by power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability.European Journal of Applied Physiology,88,404-410.
14. Li, Z. Y.,K. Jiao,M. Chen,C. T. Wang(2003).Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability of driver during simulated driving.Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering,22,574-576.
15. Li, Z. Y.,K. Jiao,M. Chen,C. T. Wang(2004).Reducing the effects of driving fatigue with magnitopuncture stimulation.Accident Analysis and Prevention,36,501-505.
16. Liang, W. C.,J. Yuan,D. C. Sun,M. H Lin(2006).Variation in physiological parameters before and after an indoor simulated driving task in the morning.Journal of Industrial Technology and Management,1,261-281.
17. Liao, D. P.,R. W. Barnes,L. E. Chambless,R. J. Simpson,P. Sorlie,G. Heiss(1995).Age, race, and sex difference in autonomic cardiac function measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variability-the ARIC study.The American Journal of The Cardiology,76,906-912.
18. Martini F.,E. F. Bartholomew(2003).Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology.New York:Prentice Hall Inc..
19. McKinley, P. S.,P. A. Shapiro,E. Bagiella,M. M. Myers,R. E. De Meersman,I. Grant,R. P. Sloan(2003).Deriving heart period variability from blood pressure waveforms.Journal of Applied Physiology,95,1431-1438.
20. Miloševic, S.(1997).Drivers` fatigue studies.Ergonomics,40,381-389.
21. Sanders M. S.,E. J. McCormick(1992).Human Factors in Engineering and Design.New York:McGraw-Hill Inc..
22. Sun, D. C.(2005).ANSWatch wrist monitor technical report and ANSWatch wrist monitor pre-clinical test report.both submitted to Taiwan DOH.
23. Sun, D. C.,Guo Y. Y.,Liang Y. H.,Tang S. H,Lin Y. F.,Chang Y. X.,Lin Z. G.(2006).Introduction of a new wrist patient monitor-ANSWatch and its clinical applications.Proceeding for the 9th Conference on Engineering Technology and Application of Chinese and Western Medicine,Taichung, Taiwan:
24. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology,the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology(1996).Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use.Circulation,93,1043-1065.
25. Veltman, J. A.,A. W. K. Gaillard(1998).Physiological workload reactions to increasing levels of task difficulty.Ergonomics,41,656-669.
26. Wahlstrom, J.,P. W. Hagberg,J. Johson,D. Svensson,Rempel(2002).Influence of time pressure and verbal provocation on physiological and psychological reactions during work with a computer mouse.European Journal of Applied Physiology,87,257-263.
27. Yang, Y. S.,Z. Q. Yao,Z. Y. Li,K. Jiao(2002).Investigation on correlation between ECG indexes and driving fatigue.Machinery Design Manufacture,5,94-95.
28. Zhang, J.(2007).Effect of age and sex on heart rate variability in healthy subjects.Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,30,374-379.

1. 盧政男、黃裕淨、郭純恩、畢國偉、胡文龍、沈哲民、吳思穎(2017)。雷射針灸與傳統針刺對失眠的療效比較：一隨機對照試驗。中醫藥雜誌，28(1)，001-010。