英文摘要
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In addition to discussing the meaning of the term bangzi qiang 梆子腔 (Qin qiang 秦腔), this paper also shows that its origin is not, as is commonly assumed, the Shaanxi bangzi 陝西梆子, but rather the Western Qin qiang (西秦腔). Based on this finding, the transmission of the bangzi qiang is also traced. This paper draws the following conclusions. First, the Shaanxi-Gansu region, being under control of the Qin during the Warring States period, developed local Qin sheng秦聲, or Qin qiang based on local dialect pronunciations, as early as the pre-Qin period. Second, Qin qiang, as used to indicate a region, had found its way to the Jiangnan area prior to the middle or the end of the Ming dynasty. Originally, it was sung in the Western diao 西調 using zaqu 雜曲 or xiaodiao小調, from which it developed into the qupai ti 曲牌體. At this point, it also absorbed material from local performances of cihua 詞話 or luogu zaxi 鑼鼓雜戲 to develop as a banqiang ti 板腔體. By the end of the Qianlong emperor's reign, the Qin qiang had merged with the kun'i 崑弋. Third, Taiwan's luantan, the gulu xi 古路戲, originates from the Western Qin opera and makes use of the Western Qin qiang. Fourth, the bangzi qiang used in Taiwan's luantan xi 亂彈戲 is in fact the original form of the Qin chuiqiang 秦吹腔 (before the introduction of the bangzi). The fact that the bangzi was a later addition to the Qin chuiqiang can be proven by looking at the chuiqiang yuanban 吹腔原板in Anhui and the chuiqiang zhengban 吹腔正板 of the Hui opera. Fifth, during the reigns of the Qianlong and Jiaqing emperors, the Qin qiang on the one hand further developed the shizan 詩贊already in use, while on the other developed the now characteristic three-five-seven character format. Sixth, the remarkable vitality of the Qin qiang saw it spreading to all of China's eighteen administrative units and Taiwan, making it the mother of all local opera in modern China. Seventh, the Qin qiang is found appearing in opera by itself and with other qiang in various different forms.
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