菩薩應不應證實際？—從大乘經典看證悟觀念的轉變

To Realize or Not to Realize the Supreme Truth: A Change of the Conception of Realization

10.6351/BICLP.201103.0217

宗玉媺(Yoke-Meei Choong)

證空 ； 涅槃 ； 修空 ； 聲聞道 ； 菩薩道 ； realization ； nirvana ； emptiness ； Sravaka-path ； Bodhisattva-path

中國文哲研究集刊

38期（2011 / 03 / 01）

215 - 249

繁體中文

初期與中後期的大乘經典對於菩薩應不應證實際（＝證涅槃）的看法並不一致。多數初期大乘佛教勸告菩薩在定中修空時，還未成佛前不可證實際。因為成佛需歷經無數長久的菩薩行持來累集無量的功德，而證實際便永離生死輪迴，再也沒有機會圓滿功德而成佛了。後來隨著聲聞乘開展出階次複雜且理論完善的修行道時，菩薩道也吸收聲聞道的理論，出現菩薩證實際也能成佛的說法。這種說法與早期菩薩不應證實際的觀念形成矛盾。早期證實際即是證涅槃，而後來只要有悲心，或不住於空，證實際也不會墮入聲聞道。這些不同的觀點是菩薩道模擬聲聞道發展的結果。有時它也透露大乘修空觀念上的改變。大乘佛教如此的演變雖然沒有改變菩薩要成佛不入涅槃的主張，但是卻把「實際」在菩薩道的角色改變了。「實際」本來會障礙菩薩成佛，後來變成是菩薩所應證的對象。若不參考早期大乘的說法，很容易令人誤解菩薩也以實際作為修空的理想。

A matter of concern for the Bodhisattva in most of the early Mahayana sutras is that he should not realize the supreme truth (= nirvana) in the practice of emptiness until he attains Buddhahood. The reason is that a Bodhisattva has to accumulate immeasurable kalpas of merits in order to attain Buddhahood. Realizing the supreme truth ends the circle of existence and thus deprives the Bodhisattva of the chance of attaining Buddhahood. Alongside the development of the Sravaka-path into a comprehensive hierarchy with highly advanced theory, the Bodhisattva-path adopted the assertion that the Bodhisattva can attain Buddhahood even after having realized the supreme truth. This contradicts the early statement of not realizing the supreme truth until attaining Buddhahood. In the earlier sutras ”realization of the supreme truth” means ”attainment of nirvana,” but in the later texts, they may not be identified with each other. In some later texts, it is even implied that realization of the supreme truth poses no danger of falling into the Sravaka-path as long as the Bodhisattva has loving kindness or is skillful enough not to abide in emptiness. This divergence of opinion about realizing the supreme truth in the Bodhisattvapath is a result of the competition with the Sravaka-path. In some cases it reveals a change of the idea of the practice of emptiness. Though with this change the Bodhisattva is still told not to realize nirvana in order to attain Buddhahood, realization of the supreme truth has become the ideal purpose of the practice of emptiness.

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