高齡者與年輕人之駕駛模擬器學習效果與作業負荷之比較

COMPARING THE LEARNING EFFECT AND WORKLOAD BETWEEN OLD AND YOUNG DRIVERS DURING SIMULATING DRIVING

石裕川(Yuh-Chuan Shih)；鄭志展(Chih-Chan Cheng)；陳宜寧(Yi-Ning Chen)；洪憲忠(Shiann-Jorng Horng)

學習曲線 ； NASA-TLX ； 駕駛模擬器 ； 高齡駕駛 ； Learning curve ； NASA-TLX ； Driving simulator ； Elder drivers

運輸計劃季刊

45卷2期（2016 / 06 / 30）

81 - 99

繁體中文

本研究目的為比較高齡者與年輕人操作駕駛模擬器之學習成效及負荷；實驗共招募具駕照之高齡及年輕受試者各10 位，受試者模擬駕駛相同路線10 回合，並記錄每回合完成時間及第1、5、10 回合的NASA-TLX 負荷。將受試者的完成時間以學習曲線模式進行迴歸分析，得其第1 次完成時間(T1) 及學習率 (Ø)，並接續進行變異數分析。結果顯示高齡者之T1 顯著較年輕人長，但學習率 (Ø) 則無顯著差異；另高齡者與年輕人的整體負荷無顯著差異，然負荷隨練習次數增加而顯著降低，高齡者降幅更明顯，其中高齡女性負荷較高應值得注意。模擬器學習曲線之成果可提供駕駛訓練設計之參考，而高齡者除應給予足夠學習次數外，其至終仍無法達到年輕人表現水準，建議於高齡駕駛之管理或法規等議題可納入考量。

This study aimed to examine the elder drivers' learning effect and workload through a driving simulator. Twenty subjects, including 10 elder and 10 young adult drivers, participated in the study. They all had valid license of small vehicle. All participants drove on a simulator and the same driving route was repeated 10 times. Each finishing time was recorded and the workload assessed by NASA-TLX was evaluated after the first, fifth, and tenth practice. For each participant, these 10 data of finishing time were used to calculate the learning rate (φ) and theoretical first finishing time (T1) by means of regression. The ANOVA result showed that elders had significant longer T1, but learning rate (φ) and workload (NASA-TXL) between elder and young people were not significantly different. Interestingly, the workload decreased with numbers of practices. Especially, the decreasing amplitude of workload of elders was bigger than younger. And the workload of female elders was much higher than others. Understanding the learning effect could be helpful to trainers in determining how to allocate training resources and/or schedule practices so as to optimize the training effectiveness. Notably, that of elders having longer finishing time should be taken into account while legislating regulation, designing vehicle, and any actions for safety considerations.

1. 劉伯祥、石裕川、孫益生(2010)。大貨車5 項駕訓科目之工作負荷及訓練成效評估研究。運輸計劃季刊，39(3)，251-276。
   連結：
2. Wright, T. P., “Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes”, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1936, pp.122-128.
3. 內政部戶政司人口資料庫，「歷年全國人口統計資料－人口年齡結構指標」，http://www.ris.gov.tw/346，民國104 年。
4. 內政部，102 年道路交通事故高齡者特性分析，民國102 年。
5. (2005)。汽車駕駛模擬系統軟硬體之擴充與測試駕駛行為實例應用之研究。交通部運輸研究所。
6. 交通部性別統計資料專區， 「領有駕駛執照人數－ 按年齡http://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=62&parentpath=0,6，民國104 年。
7. Anzanello, M. J.,Fogliatto, F. S.(2011).Learning Curve Models and Applications: Literature Review and Research Directions.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,41(5),573-583.
8. Blancett, R. S.(2002).Learning from Productivity Learning Curves.Research-Technology Management,45(3),54-58.
9. Buch, E. R.,Young, S.,Contreras-Vidal, J. L.(2003).Visuomotor Adaptation in Normal Aging.Learning & Memory,10(1),55-63.
10. da Silva, Fátima Pereira(2014).Mental Workload, Task Demand and Driving Performance: What Relation?.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,162,310-319.
11. Dar-el, E. M.,Ayas, K.,Gilad, I.(1995).A Dual-Phase Model for the Individual Learning Process in Industrial Tasks.IIE Transactions,27(3),265-271.
12. Dorbath, L.,Hasselhorn, M.,Titz, C.(2011).Aging and Executive Functioning: A Training Study on Focus-Switching.Frontiers in Psychology,2(257),1-12.
13. Eby, D. W.,Trombley, D.,Molnar, L. J.,Shope, J. T.(1998).,Ann Arbor:.
14. Globerson, S.,Levin, N.,Shtub, A.(1989).The Impact of Breaks on Forgetting When Performing a Repetitive Task.IIE Transactions,21(4),376-381.
15. Harrington, D. L.,Haaland, K. Y.(1992).Skill Learning in the Elderly: Diminished Implicit and Explicit Memory for a Motor Sequence.Psychology and Aging,7(3),425-434.
16. Hart, S. G.,Staveland, L. E.(1988).Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research.Advances in Psychology,52,139-183.
17. Jahn, G.,Oehme, A.,Krems, J. F.,Gelau, C.(2005).Peripheral Detection as a Workload Measure in Driving: Effects of Traffic Complexity and Route Guidance System Use in a Driving Study.Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,8(3),255-275.
18. Kim, H.,Kwon, S.,Heo, J.,Lee, H.,Chung, M. K.(2014).The Effect of Touch-Key Size on the Usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems and Driving Safety During Simulated Driving.Applied Ergonomics,45(3),379-388.
19. Konstantopoulos, P.,Chapman, P.,Crundall, D.(2010).Driver's Visual Attention as a Function of Driving Experience and Visibility-Using a Driving Simulator to Explore Drivers' Eye Movements in Day, Night and Rain Driving.Accident Analysis & Prevention,42(3),827-834.
20. Konz, S. A.,Johnson, S(2000).Work Design: Industrial Ergonomics.Scottsdale, AZ:Holcomb Hathaway.
21. Lee, H. C.,Cameron, D.,Lee, A. H.(2003).Assessing the Driving Performance of Older Adult Drivers: On-Road Versus Simulated Driving.Accident Analysis and Prevention,35(5),797-803.
22. Patten, C. J. D.,Kircher, A.,Östlund, J.,Nilsson, L.,Svenson, O.(2006).Driver Experience and Cognitive Workload in Different Traffic Environments.Accident Analysis & Prevention,38(5),887-894.
23. Reid, S. A.,Mirka, G. A.(2007).Learning Curve Analysis of a Patient Lift-Assist Device.Applied Ergonomics,38(6),765-771.
24. Roenker, D. L.,Cissell, G. M.,Ball, K. K.,Wadley, V. G.,Edwards, J. D.(2003).Speed-of-Processing and Driving Simulator Training Result in Improved Driving Performance.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,45(2),218-233.
25. Ronen, A.,Yair, N.(2013).The Adaptation Period to a Driving Simulator.Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,18,94-106.
26. Sahami, S.,Jenkins, J. M.,Sayed, T.(2009).Methodology to Analyze Adaptation in Driving Simulators.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2138(1),94-101.
27. Sahami, S.,Sayed, T.(2013).How Drivers Adapt to Drive in Driving Simulator, and What Is the Impact of Practice Scenario on the Research ?.Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,16,41-52.
28. Sahami, S.,Sayed, T.(2010).Insight into Steering Adaptation Patterns in a Driving Simulator.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2185(1),33-39.
29. Sanders, M. S.,McCormick, E. J.(1993).Human Factors in Engineering and Design.New York:McGraw-Hill.
30. Seidler, R. D.(2007).Older Adults Can Learn to Learn New Motor Skills.Behavioural Brain Research,183(1),118-122.
31. Seidler, R. D.(2004).Multiple Motor Learning Experiences Enhance Motor Adaptability.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,16(1),65-73.
32. Sheridan, T.(1980).Mental Workload-What Is It? Why Bother with It?.Human Factors Society Bulletin,23(2),1-2.
33. van Leeuwen, P. M.,Happee, R.,de Winter, J. C. F.(2014).Vertical Field of View Restriction in Driver Training: A Simulator-Based Evaluation.Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour,24,169-182.
34. Vits, J.,Gelders, L.(2002).Performance Improvement Theory.International Journal of Production Economics,77(3),285-298.
35. Yelle, L. E.(1979).The Learning Curve: Historical Review and Comprehensive Survey.Decision Sciences,10(2),302-328.
36. 內政部(2013)。人口政策白皮書：少子女化，高齡化及移民。
37. 吳欣潔、林稚婷、邱敏綺(2012)。虛擬駕駛訓練系統的效用評估。中國工業工程學會101年度年會暨學術研討會
38. 林萬億(2008)。高齡社會研究簡介暨高齡社會調查結果初步分析。高齡社會的來臨成果發表暨學術研討會論文集
39. 邱士軒(2007)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立清華大學工業工程與工程管理學系。
40. 施善贏、吳志富(2005)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。大同大學工業設計研究所。
41. 陳子儀、陳雅珍(1993)。交通部道路交通安全督導委員會研究報告交通部道路交通安全督導委員會研究報告,未出版
42. 陳冠倫(2012)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。南開科技大學車輛與機電產業研究所。
43. 黃富順、楊國德(2011)。高齡學。臺北:五南文化事業。
44. 董基良、黃俊仁、馮君平、林志勇、黃維信、宋文旭(2007)。駕駛人員生理功能、心理因素、行為特質與交通安全之關聯性研究（1/3）。臺北:交通部運研所。
45. 賴建丞、白璐、蔡行瀚、簡戊鑑、張瑋庭、林佳欣、洪宇箴(2009)。臺灣 1986-2007 年事故傷害死亡趨勢分析。北市醫學雜誌，6(3)，174-184。