小團體輔導對遭遇關係攻擊之國中女生的輔導成效

The Effects of Group Counseling on Relationally Victimized Eighth-Grade Girls

10.6249/SE.2014.65.2.05

張玉姍(Yu-Shan Chang)；程景琳(Ching-Ling Cheng)

心理適應 ； 國中女生 ； 團體輔導 ； 關係受害 ； group guidance ； junior-high-school girls ； psychological adjustment ； relational victimization

中等教育

65卷2期（2014 / 06 / 01）

63 - 85

繁體中文

本研究目的在於，探討進行小團體輔導方案對於改善關係受害者之心理適應的效果。使用準實驗設計，以新北市某國中12名關係受害之八年級女生為研究對象，分為實驗組及控制組：實驗組成員接受為期8週，共13小時的團體輔導；控制組則不做任何實驗處理。研究工具有「人際衝突因應策略量表」、「人際信念量表」、「孤寂感量表」、「貝克兒童及青少年量表」，所得資料以單因子共變數分析與相依樣本t檢定進行統計考驗。研究結果發現：（1）實驗組成員在人際衝突因應策略、人際信念、孤寂感與情緒及行為反應上，並沒有顯著的立即輔導效果；（2）實驗組成員在人際信念的消極信念具有追蹤輔導效果，而在人際衝突因應策略、人際信念之積極信念、孤寂感與情緒及行為反應上，則無顯著的追蹤輔導效果。

The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of the group guidance program which was designed to improve the psychological adjustment for students with experiences of relational victimization. This study adopted equivalent pretest-posttest experimental design. The participants were 12 relationally victimized eighth-grade girls from a junior high school at New Taipei City. The treatment for the members of the experiment group was eight sessions (a total of thirteen hours) of group guidance program; on the contrary, the control group members received no treatment. Several self-report instruments were used to measure the paraticipants' interpersonal conflicts coping strategies, interpersonal belief, psychological loneliness, emotional and behavioral reactions. The data was analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and t-test of dependence. The findings were as followed: (1) The group guidance program showed no statistically significant immediate effects on the members' interpersonal conflict coping strategies, interpersonal belief, psychological loneliness, and emotional and behavioral reactions. (2) The group guidance program demonstrated follow-up effects on the entity views of interpersonal beliefs, but no significant effects on interpersonal conflict coping strategies, the incremental views of interpersonal beliefs, psychological loneliness, as well as emotional and behavioral reactions.

1. 王明傳、雷庚玲(2008)。華人青少年前期兒童之間間接攻擊行為的反應評鑑情緒經驗。中華心理學刊，50(1)，71-90。
   連結：
2. 林苡彤、程景琳(2010)。國中生關係攻擊加害者與受害者之規範信念、同理心與因應策略。臺東大學教育學報，21(2)，1-28。
   連結：
3. 曾琬雅、張高賓(2011)。現實治療團體對受霸淩青少年自我概念與憂鬱情緒之效果研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，11，105-129。
   連結：
4. 程景琳(2010)。社交計量及同儕知覺受歡迎度與青少年關係攻擊及孤寂感之相關研究。教育心理學報，42(1)，143-162。
   連結：
5. 程景琳、廖小雯(2012)。國中生關係受害經驗與心理孤寂感之關聯及調節因子之檢驗。健康促進與衛生教育學報，38，1-25。
   連結：
6. Snell, J. L., & Frey, K. S. (2000). Playground aggressors, targets and bystanders (PATAB). Unpublished training manual, Committee for Children, Seattle, WA..
7. 兒 童 福 利 聯 盟 文 教 基 金 會 （ 2 0 1 3 ） 。2013年臺灣校園關係霸凌調查報告。2013年3月，取自http://www.children.org.tw/research/detail/69/584/。
8. Andreou, E.(2001).Bully/victim problems and their association with coping behavior in conflictual peer interactions among school-age children.Educational Psychology,21,59-66.
9. Brown, E. C.,Low, S.,Smith, B. H.,Haggerty, K. P.(2011).Outcomes from a school-randomized controlled trial of steps to respect: A bullying prevention program.School Psychology Review,40,423-443.
10. Causey, D. L.,Dubow, E. F.(1992).Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,21,47-59.
11. Champion, K.,Vernberg, E. M.,Shipman, K.(2004).Non-bullying victims of bullies: Aggression, social skills, and friendship characteristics.Applied Developmental Psychology,24,535-551.
12. Compas, B. E.,Malcarne, V. L.,Fondacaro, K. M.(1988).Coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,56,405-411.
13. Coyne, S. M.,Archer, J.,Eslea, M.(2006)."We're not friends anymore! Unless..." The frequency and harmfulness of indirect, relational, and social aggression.Aggression Behavior,32,294-307.
14. Crick, N. R.,Bigbee, M. A.(1998).Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,66,337-347.
15. Crick, N. R.,Grotpeter, J. K.(1995).Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment.Child Development,66,710-722.
16. Crick, N. R.,Grotpeter, J. K.(1996).Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression.Development and Psychopathology,8,367-380.
17. Crick, N. R.,Nelson, D. A.(2002).Relational and physical victimization within friendships: Nobody told me there'd be friends like these.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,30,599-607.
18. Cullerton-Sen, C.,Crick, N. R.(2005).Understanding the effects of physical and relational victimization: The utility of multiple perspectives in predicting social-emotional adjustment.School Psychology Review,34,147-160.
19. Folkman, S.,Lazarus, R. S.(1980).An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,21,219-239.
20. Frey, K. S.,Hirschstein, M. K.,Snell, J. L.,Edstrom, L. V.,MacKenzie, E. P.,Broderick, C. J.(2005).Reducing playground bullying and supporting beliefs: An experimental trial of the Steps to Respect program.Developmental Psychology,41,479-491.
21. Frey, K. S.,Hirschstein, M.,Edstrom, L.,Snell, J.(2009).Observed reductions in school bullying, nonbullying aggression, and destructive bystander behavior: A longitudinal evaluation.Journal of Educational Psychology,101,466-481.
22. Galen, B. R.,Underwood, M. K.(1997).A developmental investigation of social aggression among children.Developmental Psychology,33,589-600.
23. Gomes, M. M.(2011).Examining the coping response to peer relational aggression victimization.Nursing Research and Practice,1-7.
24. Hoglund, W. L. G.,Hosan, N. E.,Leadbeater, B. J.(2012).Using your WITS: A 6-year follow-up of a peer victimization prevention program.School Psychology Review,41,193-214.
25. Hoover, J. H.,Oliver, R.,Hazle, R. J.(1992).Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the midwestern USA.School Psychology International,13,5-16.
26. Kochenderfer-Ladd, B.(2004).Peer victimization: The role of emotions in adaptive and maladaptive coping.Social Development,13,329-349.
27. Leadbeater, B. J.,Hoglund, W.(2006).Changing the social contexts of peer victimization.Journal of Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,15,21-26.
28. Leadbeater, B.,Hoglund, W.,Woods, T.(2003).Changing contexts? The effects of a primary prevention program on classroom levels of peer relational and physical victimization.Journal of Community Psychology,31,397-418.
29. Leff, S. S.,Waasdorp, T. E.,Crick, N. R.(2010).A review of existing relational aggression programs: Strengths, limitation, and future directions.School Psychology Review,39,508-535.
30. Low, S.,Frey, K. S.,Brockman, C. J.(2010).Gossip on the playground-changes associated with universal intervention, retaliation beliefs, and supportive friends.School Psychology Review,39,536-551.
31. MacDonald, G.,Leary, M.(2005).Why does social exclusion hurt? The relation between social and physical pain.Psychological Bulletin,131,202-223.
32. Merrell, K. W.,Buchanan, R.,Tran, O. K.(2006).Relational aggression in children and adolescents: A review with implications for school settings.Psychology in the School,43,345-360.
33. Mikulncer, M.(Ed.),Shaver, P. R.(Ed.)(2011).Understanding and reducing aggression, violence, and their consequences.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
34. Ostrov, J. M.,Massetti, G. M.,Stauffacher, K.,Godleski, S. A.,Hart, K. C.,Karch, K. M.,Ries, E. E.(2009).An intervention for relational and physical aggression in early childhood: A preliminary study.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,24,15-28.
35. Paquette, J. A.,Underwood, M.(1999).Gender differences in young adolescents' experiences of peer victimization: Social and physical aggression.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,45,233-258.
36. Phelps, C. E. R.(2001).Children's responses to overt and relational aggression.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,30,240-252.
37. Prinstein, M. J.,Aikins, J. W.(2004).Cognitive mediators of the longitudinal association between peer rejection and adolescent depressive symptoms.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,32,147-158.
38. Prinstein, M. J.,Boergers, J.,Vernberg, E. M.(2001).Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,30,479-491.
39. Remillard, A. M.,Lamb, S.(2005).Adolescent girls' coping with relational aggression.Sex Roles,53,221-229.
40. Rudolph, K. D.(2010).Implicit theories of peer relationships.Social Development,19,113-129.
41. Sontag, L. M.,Graber, J. A.,Brooks-Gunn, J.,Warren, M. P.(2008).Coping with social stress: Implications for psychopathology in young adolescent girls.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,36,1159-1174.
42. Spielberger, C. D.,Johnbson, E. H.,Russel, S. F.,Crane, R. J.,Jacobs, G. A.,Worden, T. J.(1985).The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale.Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders,New York:
43. Storch, E. A.,Brassard, M. R.,Masia-Warner, C.(2004).The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence.Child Study Journal,33,351-362.
44. Thompson, C.L.,Rudolph, L.B.(1988).Counseling Children.Pacific Grove:Brook / Cole.
45. Troop-Gordon, W.,Ladd, G.W.(2005).Trajectories of peer victimization and perceptions of the self and schoolmates: Precursors to internalizing and externalizing problems.Child Development,76,1072-1091.
46. Waksman, S. A.(1984).Assertion training with adolescents.Adolescence,19,123-130.
47. Weiner, B.(2005).Social motivation, justice, and the moral emotions.Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.
48. Young, E. L.,Boye, A. E.,Nelson, D. A.(2006).Relational aggression: Understanding, identifying, and responding in schools.Psychology in Schools,43,297-312.
49. 洪嘉謙(2003)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。屏東市，屏東師範學院心理輔導教育研究所。
50. 洪儷瑜修訂、陳學志修訂、卓淑玲修訂(2010)。貝克兒童青少年量表第二版中文版。臺北市:中國行為科學社股份有限公司。
51. 程景琳(2011)。國科會計畫研究報告國科會計畫研究報告,國科會。
52. 戴淑梅(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北市，臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系。
53. 蘇郁惠(2009)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。新竹市，國立交通大學教育研究所。
54. 蘇桂慧(2012)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。彰化市，彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所。

1. 鄧文章,陳亦鳳,杜淑芬(2021)。國中輔導教師介入關係霸凌事件的輔導困境與策略。教育心理學報，53(1)，223-249。
2. (2024)。中學輔導教師對霸凌受害者的輔導策略分析：多向度Rasch模式。教育實踐與研究，37(1)，1-34。