檢視都市永續發展指標的發展歷程與內涵：從指標系統建構到政策評估

A Review of Urban Sustainability Indicators: Systems Framework and Policy Evaluation

10.6128/CP.32.2.227

黃書禮(Shu-Li Huang)；葉佳宗(Chia-Tsung Yeh)；陳俐伶(Li-Ling Chen)

都市永續性指標 ； 政策評估 ； 感受性系統模型 ； 型態辨識 ； 半量化模擬 ； Urban sustainability indicators ； Policy evaluation ； Sensitivity model tools ； Pattern recognition ； Semi-quantitative simulation

都市與計劃

32卷2期（2005 / 06 / 01）

227 - 251

繁體中文

本文回顧國際上相關的都市永續發展指標系統，探討指標系統架構與內涵之問的差異，進而說明永續台灣評量系統中「都市台灣」指標系統的重要特色，以及指標項目選定的理論基礎。藉由永續台灣評量系統中22個範疇的型態辨識，本文分析了都市在台灣永續發展中所扮演的角色，確認都市生產與生活型態對於對於國家整體永續發展的重要性，也驗證了生態系統觀點中都市對於環境的依存與影響。考量都市發展決策過程需要永續性的評量機制，本文利用都市永續發展指標作為政策評估的重要變數，應用互動式電腦軟體「感受性系統模型(Sensitivity Model Tools)」以系統性觀點進行都市發展政策永續性的評析。透過系統軟體功能掌握變數結構的完整性以及系統變數之間的相互影響關係，並藉助於團體諮詢與討論的溝通方式建構半量化的(semi-quantitative)系統變數，配合概念化及模糊化的方式界定變數水準以及函數關係進行系統模擬工作。藉由系統模擬瞭解變數之間的互動關係，而政策評估案例分析顯示台北市硬體建設政策較空間調整政策發揮較大的效果。永續指標與系統工具的結合整體而言提供了都市政策永續性評估的溝通與預測介面。

This paper reviews the development of urban sustainability indicators and investigates the frameworks and contents of various indicator systems Based on the review of previous researches, we discuss the theoretical background for establishing the indicators of ”Urban Taiwan” to measure Taiwan's sustainability In order to identify the role of urban area in Taiwan's overall sustainable development, we applied a semi-quantitative system model (Sensitivity Model Tools) to recognize the patterns of 22 categories of Taiwan's Sustainable Development Indicators We also apply Sensitivity Model to evaluate the effect of urban policy on sustainability indicators via system simulation The semi-quantitative relations for simulation by Sensitivity Model Tools between variables are derived from group discussions As the results of the case study in Taipei city, we show that the construction of public facility in Taipei City have enhanced the sustainable development The efforts to incorporate systems approach for policy evaluation also can provide an interface between urban sustainability indicators and urban development policies.

1. 詹士樑(2001)。生物控制論應用在都市及區域規劃之可行性探討－以靈敏度模型爲工具。都市與計劃，28(1)，17-37。
   連結：
2. Alberti, M.(1996).Measuring urban sustainability.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,4,381-424.
3. Andriantiatsaliniaina, L. A.,Kouikoglou, V. S.,Phillis, Y. A.(2004).Evaluating strategies for sustainable development: fuzzy logic reasoning and sensitivity analysis.Ecological Economics,48,149-172.
4. Berke, P.,Conroy, M. M.(2000).Are we planning for sustainable development?: an evaluation of 30 Comprehensive Plans.Journal of the American Planning Association,66(1),21-33.
5. Boyden, S.,Millar, S.,Newcombe, K.,O''Neill, B.(1981).The Ecology of a City and its People.Canberra:ANU Press.
6. Button, K.(2002).City management and urban environmental indicators.Ecological Economics,40(2),217-233.
7. Byrne, J.,Wang, Y. D.,Shen, B.,Wang, C.,Kuennen, C. R.(1994).Urban Ecological Development: Research and Application.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
8. Chan, S. -L.,Huang, S.-L.(2004).A system approach for the development of a sustainable community-the application of the sensitivity model (SM),.Journal of Environmental Management,72,133-147.
9. Daily, G. C.,Ehrlich, P. R.(1992).Population, sustainability, and earth`s carrying capacity.BioScience,12(10),761-776.
10. Devuyst, D.(2000).Linking impact assessment and sustainable development at the local level: the introduction of sustainability assessment system.Sustainable Development,8(2),67-78.
11. Douglas, I.(1983).The Urban Environment.London:Edward Arnold.
12. Flood, J.(1997).Urban and housing indicators.Urban Studies,34(10),1635-1666.
13. Folke, C.,Larsson J.,Sweitaer, J.(1996).Renewable resource appropriation by city.Getting Down to Earth.
14. Girardet, H.(1999).Creating Sustainable City.
15. Grant, J.,Manuel P.,Joudrey, D.(1996).A framework for planning sustainable residential landscapes.Journal of the American Planning Association,62(3),331-344.
16. Huang, S. L.,Chen, C.-W.(1999).A system dynamics approach to the simulation of urban sustainability.Ecosystems and Sustainable Development Ⅱ.
17. Huang, S.-L.,Chen, L.-L.(2002).Urbanization, East Asia and Habitat Ⅱ.Taipei, Taiwan:Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research.
18. Huang, S.-L.,Wong, J.-H.,Chen, T.-C.(1998).A framework of indicator system for measuring Taipei`s urban sustainability.Landscape and Urban Planning,42,15-27.
19. IUCN, UNEP,WWF(1991).Caring for the Earth.
20. Lindsey, G.(2003).Sustainability and urban greenways: indicators in Indianapolis.Journal of the American Planning Association.
21. Maclaren, C. W.(1996).Urban sustainability reporting.Journal of the American Planning Association,62(2),184-202.
22. Moldan, B.,Billharz, S.(1997).Sustainability Indicators.New York:Wiley.
23. Newman, P. W. G.(1999).Sustainability and cities: extending the metabolism model.Landscape Urban Planning,33,219-226.
24. Newman, P. W. G.,Kenworthy, J. R.(1992).Is there a role for physical planners.Journal of the American Planning Association,58,179-192.
25. Nijkamp, P.,Perrels, A.(1994).Sustainable City in Europe.London:Earthscan Publications.
26. Nijkanp P.,Vreeker, R.(2000).Sustainability assessment of development scenarios: methodology and application to Thailand.Ecological Economics.
27. Odum E. P.(1989).Systems Ecology: Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support System.
28. OECD(1990).Environmental Policies for Cities in the 1990s.
29. OECD(1985).The State of the Environment.Paris:OECD.
30. OECD(1993).Environmental Monograph No. 38.Core Set of Indicators for Environmental Performance Reviews.
31. Opschoor, J. B.,Costanza, R.(1994).Toward environmental performance indicators based on preserving ecosystem health.Paper present at the Workshop on Global Environmental Change and Sustainable Development in Europe.
32. Rees, W. E.,Wackernagel, M.(1994).Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy.Investing in Natural Capital.
33. Ronchi, E.,Federico, A.,Musmeci, F.(2002).A system oriented integrated indicator for sustainable development in Italy.Ecological Indicators,2,197-210.
34. Roseland, M.(1991).Toward sustainable cities.Ecodecision,3,48-52.
35. Sustainable Seattle(1993).Indicators of Sustainable Community.
36. UNCED(1992).Agenda 21.
37. UNCHS(1995).Using indicators in policy.Indicators Newsletter,3,8.
38. UNCSD(1996).Working List of Indicators of Sustainable Development.
39. World Commission of Environment and Development(1987).Our Common Future.
40. 台北市政府(2001)。都市指標對衡量台北市永續發展之適用性及評估手冊研擬都市指標對衡量台北市永續發展之適用性及評估手冊研擬,台北市:政府委託專案計畫報告書。
41. 行政院國家科學委員會(2002)。「永續台灣的願景與策略－永續台灣的評量系統」（第三年度報告）。
42. 行政院國家科學委員會(2001)。「永續台灣的願景與策略－永續台灣的評量系統」（第二年度報告）。
43. 行政院經濟建設委員會(2003)。都市及區域發展統計彙編92年版。台北:三民書局。
44. 黃書禮(1998)。都市永續性指標系統動態分析之研究都市永續性指標系統動態分析之研究,行政院國科會專題研究計畫。
45. 黃書禮、翁瑞豪、陳子淳(1997)。台北市永續發展指標系統之建立與評估。都市與計劃，24(1)，23-42。
46. 詹士樑、黃書禮(2000)。生物控制論方法應用在都市生態規劃之可行性探討－以靈敏度模型爲例生物控制論方法應用在都市生態規劃之可行性探討－以靈敏度模型爲例,行政院國科會專題研究計畫。

1. 劉采芸,葉佳宗,黃詩涵(2021)。都市永續性的多重尺度觀點：以農產品消費土地遠距連接時空變化探討都市與鄉村的關係。都市與計劃，48(1)，83-106。
2. 蘇冠臻,詹士樑,黃國慶,王姿懿(2021)。臺灣都市階層體系變動趨勢之探討。都市與計劃，48(1)，1-26。
3. 鄒克萬、洪于婷(2006)。地方永續發展空間結構變遷之分析。都市與計劃，33(4)，321-344。