破碎棲地之面積、孤離度與棲地異質度對都市地景之鳥類群聚組成之影響－以台北市公園綠地為例

Influences of Fragment Size, Isolation and Habitat Heterogeneity on Bird Assemblage Composition in Urban Landscapes-A Case Study of Taipei Parks and Green Areas

10.6128/CP.35.2.141

葛兆年(Chao-Nien Koh)；李培芬(Pei-Fen Lee)；邱祈榮(Chyi-Rong Chiou)

都市公園 ； 鳥類群聚 ； 物種組成 ； 嵌套性 ； 面積 ； 孤離度 ； 棲地異質度 ； Urban park ； Bird assemblage ； Species composition ； Nestedness ； Area ； Isolation ； Habitat heterogeneity

都市與計劃

35卷2期（2008 / 06 / 10）

141 - 154

繁體中文

都市中破碎的森林可能是都市鳥類的棲地島嶼，而這些棲地島嶼的地景結構可能影響著都市鳥類群聚之組成。本研究之目的即以台北市為例，評估都市棲地島嶼如公園綠地，其面積、孤離度及棲地異質度，對鳥類群聚組成所可能產生的影響。研究結果顯示鳥類群聚組成在台北市的公園綠地間有高度的嵌套性（隸屬關係），而此嵌套性與公園綠地的面積、至台北市主要河川的距離及棲地異質度有關。鳥類在台北市公園綠地間可能有頻繁的移動，這些公園綠地應該可看作是鳥類活動或棲息的棲地網絡。然而，外來種鳥類可能比本地鳥類要更容易適應這種破碎化棲地。公園面積對鳥類群聚似乎有較為廣泛的影響，保育應該以大公園較為優先考量。公園的棲地異質度可能影響某些個別鳥種的分布；提昇公園的棲地異質度可能吸引更多鳥種。河川與公園綠地的相對距離和鳥類尤其是遷徙性鳥類的累聚有關，其應該是影響台北市公園綠地鳥類組成的重要地景。我們建議增加公園綠地中的水資源以吸引遷徙性鳥類，並可提高台北市鳥類棲息地的多樣性。

Urban forest fragments are potential 'habitat islands' for urban birds. Landscape structure of the fragments may influence the composition of bird assemblages. Hence, this study assessed the effects of fragment size, isolation and habitat heterogeneity on bird community composition patterns in urban parks (and green areas) in Taipei. Species composition in urban parks showed a high degree of nestedness, which was associated with park areas, distance to the major rivers in Taipei and habitat heterogeneity. The high degree of nestedness in bird assemblages demonstrated that the parks may be a network of habitats among which birds immigrate and emigrate frequently. However, exotic species may adapt to the fragments more easily than the endemic ones. Park area is the main factor that accounts for species accumulation in the urban parks and the green areas. Bird assemblages in smaller parks are subsets of those in larger parks. Therefore, we suggest that preserving large parks be the first priority. In addition to park area, habitat heterogeneity may affect distributions of specific bird species. Increasing the habitat heterogeneity of parks may attract more species to the parks. Accumulation of birds, especially migrant species, is affected by the relative locations of major rivers to the parks. Rivers may be an important landscape for birds in urban areas of Taipei. We recommend adding water resources to parks to attract migrating species, which would enhance avian habitat diversity in Taipei.

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