都市永續性的多重尺度觀點：以農產品消費土地遠距連接時空變化探討都市與鄉村的關係

Multi-scale Perspective for Urban Sustainability: Exploring Urban-rural Relationship Based on the Spatial and Temporal Analyses of Land Teleconnections of Agricultural Products Consumption

10.6128/CP.202103_48(1).0004

葉佳宗(Chia-Tsung Yeh)；劉采芸(Tsai-Yun Liu)；黃詩涵(Shih-Han Huang)

都市永續性 ； 都市土地遠距連接 ； 都市與鄉村關係 ； 多重尺度觀點 ； Urban sustainability ； Urban land teleconnection ； Urban-rural relationships ； Multi-scale perspective

都市與計劃

48卷1期（2021 / 03 / 31）

83 - 106

繁體中文

在全球化的世界，農產品的消費與生產都受市場經濟影響，甚至已鑲嵌在全球商品價值鏈當中，地理的鄰近性不再是影響都市與鄉村關係的關鍵，都市與遠距鄉村因農產品市場交易與國際貿易產生土地遠距連接的關係。在農產品消費土地遠距連接關係影響下，都市與遠距鄉村產生功能性與空間性的新連結，也因此與鄰近鄉村產生去連結關係，此關係變化成為都市永續性治理的挑戰。本研究基於都市土地使用遠距連接與遠距耦合的概念，建構了一系列概念性模型，用以描述都市農產品消費土地遠距連接關係的發展，進而探討農產品消費遠距連接對都市與鄉村永續性的影響。本研究進而運用各項統計資料，分析臺北都會區農產品生產與消費的時空變遷，探討都會區與其內部與鄰近農村及遠距鄉村農業之間的多重尺度連接關係。分析結果發現，臺北都會區在人口增加與所得提升影響下，農產品消費量逐年增加且消費結構改變，當內部農地及鄰近鄉村的農產品供給不能滿足需求時，臺北都會區早已轉向倚賴中南部的遠距農村，而且近年對國外進口的農產品倚賴程度逐漸升高，而運輸條件改善及開放國外農產品進口是影響臺北都會區農產品消費土地遠距連接關係的重要因素。最後，本研究在都市土地遠距連接的概念上建構一個多重尺度都市永續性治理的架構，並且據此提出都市與不同尺度鄉村之間共同永續發展的治理策略。

In an increasingly globalized world, production and consumption of agricultural products have been affected by market economics and embedded into the global value chain. The phenomenon of urban-rural teleconnections, which refers to urban-rural flows and linkages of urban and rural areas that are not geographically co-located, affect the sustainability of urban-rural systems. The functional and spatial coupling and decoupling of cities with their rural ＂hinterlands＂ needs to be considered regarded as the challenge to urban sustainability governance. Based on the literature review, this work presents conceptual frameworks to explain the development of urban-rural teleconnections and the changing relationships between urban areas and rural hinterlands in different scales. This study work analyzes the spatial and temporal patterns of the production and consumption of agricultural products in Taipei Metropolitan Area. The relationships between Taipei Metropolitan Area and its connected rural areas are investigated to understand the relationships between them. The consumption of agricultural products in Taipei Metropolitan Area has changed with the increased population and household income in the past 40 years. The rapid-growth demand of agricultural products was far greater than the supply from Taipei Metropolitan Area's rural production. Therefore, agricultural products were increasingly imported from distant rural areas to fill the gap of demand and supply. Transportation and international free trade reinforce urban land Teleconnections. The opening of Taiwan's agricultural market to the world has resulted in Taipei Metropolitan Area having increased connections to distant foreign rural areas and consuming more imported agricultural products. Moreover, this work proposes a multi-scale perspective of urban-rural system to formulate the strategies of governance for urban sustainability.

1. 李永展(2002)。以都市指標系統談臺北市之永續性趨勢。都市與計劃，29(4)，551-574。
   連結：
2. 李永展,林士堅,黃慶銘(2008)。台北市永續發展指數之建構及應用。建築學報，65，1-26。
   連結：
3. 黃書禮,葉佳宗,陳俐伶(2005)。檢視都市永續發展指標的發展里程與內涵：從指標系統建構到政策評估。都市與計劃，32(2)，227-251。
   連結：
4. Akkoyunlu, S.(2016).The potential of rural–urban linkages for sustainable development and trade.International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy,4(2),20-40.
5. Alberti, M.(1996).Measuring urban sustainability.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,16(4-6),381-424.
6. Balogh, S. B.(2019).Urban food systems.Understanding Urban Ecology,Cham:
7. Billen, G.,Barles, S.,Garnier, J.,Rouillard, J.,Benoit, P.(2009).The food-print of Paris: Long-term reconstruction of the nitrogen flows imported into the city from its rural hinterland.Regional Environmental Change,9(1),13-24.
8. Brown, J. C.,Koeppe, M.,Coles, B.,Price, K. P.(2005).Soybean production and conversion of tropical forest in the Brazilian Amazon: The case of Vilhena.Rondônia Ambio,34(6),462-469.
9. Bruckner, M.,Fischer, G.,Tramberend, S.,Giljum, S.(2015).Measuring telecouplings in the global land system: A review and comparative evaluation of land footprint accounting methods.Ecological Economics,114,11-21.
10. Chapagain, A. K.,Hoekstra, A. Y.(2007).The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands.Ecological Economics,64(1),109-118.
11. Chaudhary, A.,Pfister, S.,Hellweg, S.(2016).Spatially explicit analysis of biodiversity loss due to global agriculture, pasture and forest land use from a producer and consumer perspective.Environmental Science and Technology,50(7),3928-3936.
12. Costanza, R.,D’Arge, R.,Groot, R. De,Farber, S.(1997).The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,6630,253-260.
13. D’Amour, C. B,Reitsma, F.,Baiocchi, G.,Barthel, S.,Güneralp, B.,Erb, K. H.,Haberl, H.,Creutzig, F.,Seto, K. C.(2017).Future urban land expansion and implications for global croplands.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,114(34),8939-8944.
14. Defries, R. S.,Rudel, T.,Uriarte, M.,Hansen, M.(2010).Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century.Nature Geoscience,3(3),178-181.
15. Deutsch, L.,Dyball, R.,Steffen, W.(2013).Feeding cities: food security and ecosystem support in an urbanizing world.Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities,Dordrecht:
16. Douglass, M.(1998).A regional network strategy for reciprocal rural–urban linkages: An agenda for policy research with reference to Indonesia.Third World Planning Review,20(1),124-154.
17. Eppler, U.,Fritsche, U. R.,Laaks, S.(2015).GLOBALANDS Issue PaperGLOBALANDS Issue Paper,Berlin:.
18. Fader, M.,Gerten, D.,Krause, M.,Lucht, W.,Cramer, W.(2013).Spatial decoupling of agricultural production and consumption: Quantifying dependences of countries on food imports due to domestic land and water constraints.Environmental Research Letters,8(1),104046.
19. Forman, R. T. T.(2008).Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City (Cambridge Studies in Landscape Ecology).New York:Cambridge University Press.
20. Fragkias, M.,Langanke, T.,Boone, C. G.,Haase, D.,Marcotullio, P. J.,Munroe, D.,Olah, B.,Reenberg, A.,Seto, K. C.,Simon, D.(2012).Land teleconnections in an Urbanizing World.Land Teleconnections in an Urbanizing World - GLP Report,5(5),24.
21. Gehlhar, M.,Coyle, W.(2001).Global food consumption and impacts on trade patterns.Agriculture and Trade Report WRS-01-1, Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade,Washington, D.C.:
22. Hardin, G.(1991).The late Garrett Hardin made important contributions to our thinking about population by bringing together ethics and biology.inaugural issue of, Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth
23. Holden, E.(2004).Ecological footprints and sustainable urban form.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,19(1),91-109.
24. Imhoff, M. L.,Bounoua, L.,Ricketts, T.,Loucks, C.,Harriss, R.,Lawrence, W. T.(2004).Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production.Nature,429(6994),870-873.
25. Kennedy, C.,Pincetl, S.,Bunje, P.(2011).The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design.Environmental Pollution,159(8-9),1965-1973.
26. Liu, J.,Mooney, H.,Hull, V.,Davis, S. J.,Gaskell, J.,Hertel, T.,Lubchenco, J.,Seto, K. C.,Gleick, P.,Kremen, C.,Li, S.(2015).Systems integration for global sustainability.Science,347(6225),1258832.
27. Liu, J,Hull, V.,Batistella, M.,Defries, R.,Dietz, T.,Fu, F.,Hertel, T. W.,Izaurralde, R. C.,Lambin. E. F.,Li, S.,Martinelli, L. A.,McConnell, W. J.,Moran, E. F.,Naylor, R.,Ouyang, Z.,Polenske, K. R.,Reenberg, A.,de Miranda Rocha, G.,Simmons, C. S.,Verburg, P. H.,Vitousek, P. M.,Zhang, F.,Zhu, C.(2013).Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world.Ecology and Society,18(2),26.
28. MacDonald, G. K.,Brauman, K. A.,Sun, S.,Carlson, K. M.,Cassidy, E. S.,Gerber, J. S.,West, P. C.(2015).Rethinking agricultural trade relationships in an era of globalization.BioScience,65(3),275-289.
29. Nordås, H. K.,Pinali, E.,Grosso, M. G.(2006).Logistics and time as a trade barrier.Policy,103(35),2935-2959.
30. Potschin, M.,Haines-Young, R.(2013).Landscapes, sustainability and the place-based analysis of ecosystem services.Landscape Ecology,28(6),1053-1065.
31. Rees, W. E.(1992).Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out.Environment and Urbanization,4(2),121-130.
32. Rees, W.,Wackernagel, M.(1996).Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable - and why they are a key to sustainability.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,16(4-6),223-248.
33. Rees, W.,Wackernagel, M.(2008).Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable-and why they are a key to sustainability.Urban Ecology,Boston:
34. Satterthwaite, D.,McGranahan, G.,Tacoli, C.(2010).Urbanization and its implications for food and farming.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,365(1554),2809-2820.
35. Seto, K. C.,Reenberg, A.,Boone, C. G.,Fragkias, M.,Haase, D.,Langanke, T.,Marcotullio, P.,Munroe, D. K.,Olah, B.,Simon, D.(2012).Urban land teleconnections and sustainability.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(20),7687-7692.
36. Spiegel, S. J.(2014).Rural place-making, globalization and the extractive sector: Insights from gold mining areas in Kratie and Ratanakiri, Cambodia.Journal of Rural Studies,36,300-310.
37. Sun, J.,Tong, Y.,Liu, J.(2017).Telecoupled land-use changes in distant countries.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,16(2),368-376.
38. Tedesco, C.,Petit, C.,Billen, G.,Garnier, J.,Personne, E.(2017).Potential for recoupling production and consumption in peri-urban territories: The case-study of the Saclay plateau near Paris.France, Food Policy,69,35-45.
39. Tinsley, J.(2003).Urban agriculture and sustainable livelihoods.Peace Review,15(3),295-299.
40. Wu, J.(2014).Urban ecology and sustainability: The state-of-the-science and future directions.Landscape and Urban Planning,125,209-221.
41. Wu, J.(2010).Urban sustainability: An inevitable goal of landscape research.Landscape Ecology,25(1),1-4.
42. Yu, Y.,Feng, K.,Hubacek, K.(2013).Tele-connecting local consumption to global land use.Global Environmental Change,23(5),1178-1186.
43. 李永展(2005)。永續鄉村營造之初探。中華水土保持學報，36(4)，339-354。
44. 郭菁芳(2019)。108 年我國農產貿易概況。農政與農情，335，83-89。
45. 黃書禮,翁瑞豪,陳子淳(1997)。臺北市永續發展指標系統之建立與評估。都市與計劃，24(1)，23-42。