應用追蹤資料分析臺灣縣市發展特性與住宅用電消費差異

The Differences of Residential Electricity Consumption in Taiwan Countries by the Use of Panel Data Analysis

10.6128/CP.202312_50(4).0004

盧伯豪(Po-Hao Lu)；陳彥仲(Yen-Jong Chen)

住宅用電 ； 使用者習慣 ； 都市型態 ； 追蹤資料 ； Residential Power Consumption ； User's Behavior ； Urban Form ； Panel Data Analysis

都市與計劃

50卷4期（2023 / 12 / 15）

551 - 578

繁體中文;英文

臺灣既有的能源政策偏重於再生能源技術推展，而需求面向的政策則相對較少。從能源需求面向而言，住宅用電成長率近年來較其他部門高，在研議如何減少住宅用電，實務上有其重要性。本研究將從兩個研究領域進行文獻研析，分別為能源經濟領域及都市空間領域。能源經濟領域以個體經濟探討住宅能源消費並著重於住宅用電習慣；而都市空間領域則討論如何以都市規劃設計改變居住環境達到減少住宅用電。本研究以該兩研究領域的立論為基礎，探討住宅用電消費與相關因素關聯分析及縣市住宅用電習慣之空間差異因素。研究資料來自政府部門之開放資料，建立19個縣市與2012至2016每月之追蹤資料。首先依相關分析及文獻篩選與調整變數，透過動態模型結果顯示：縣市住宅用電習慣成長率在臺中市以及新北市呈現顯著正成長，雲林縣則為顯著負成長，而多數縣市則成長率在統計上並不顯著。

The policies of energy in Taiwan mostly focus on the energy technology promotion. However, it is also important to get a better understanding of the policy performances in the energy consumption from the perspective of demand. Literature reviews reveal that the growth rate of electricity consumption for the household sector is the highest in Taiwan in the past decade We are interested in knowing how the household living habit affects the electricity consumption. We review literature from two fields. The first would be on the field of energy economics and the second would be on the field of spatial planning. Based on the arguments arising from the literature reviewing, the focal work of this paper is to find factors that affect the electricity consumption growth, especially from the household user's habit of electricity consumption. The empirical data is selected from the data bank of electricity consumption at the scale of the county level, and also with a time-series panel data from 2012 to 2016, which is released for public use by the Taiwan government. Several empirical findings were concluded in this research. We found that the use's habit of electricity consumption is different in the county level, (e.g., increasing the consumption growth in big agglomerations such as New Taipei City and Taichung City in contrast to decrease in rural area like Yunlin County. The marginal quantity of residential electricity is decreasing when the household reaches the level of a level of better living quality. And, in consistence to literature, our empirical findings support the argument that the high residence density would help to reduce the electricity consumption in Taiwan.

1. 王思樺,黃書禮,李叢禎,蕭儀婷(2016)。都市能源使用CO2排放變動趨勢之降尺度分析─以臺北都會區與高雄市為例。都市與計劃，43(4)，369-394。
   連結：
2. 林素琴,李浩銓(2013)。我國住宅部門用電量以及電力分配之研究。建築學報，86，1-10。
   連結：
3. 林憲德,王仁俊,沈如龍,陳建富,邱清泉(2004)。臺南市住宅區街廓透天住宅用電解析。都市與計劃，31(3)，215-237。
   連結：
4. 郭柏巖,林憲德,顧孝偉(2004)。住宅生活模式與耗電特性解析。建築學報，50，15-33。
   連結：
5. Arellano, M.(1987).Computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,49(4),431-434.
6. Beck, N.,Katz, J. N.(1995).What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data.American Political Science Review,89(3),634-647.
7. Bedir, M.,Hasselaar, E.,Itard, L.(2013).Determinants of electricity consumption in Dutch dwellings.Energy and Buildings,58,194-207.
8. Bernard, J.-T.,Bolduc, D.,Yameogo, N.-D.(2011).A pseudo-panel data model of household electricity demand.Resource and Energy Economics,33(1),315-325.
9. Bernstein, M. A. and Griffin, J. (2006) Regional Differences in the Price-Elasticity of Demand for Energy, Golden: National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL).
10. Chen, Y. J.,Matsuoka, R. H.,Liang, T. M.(2018).Urban form, building characteristics, and residential electricity consumption: A case study in Tainan City.Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science,45(5),933-952.
11. Cramer, J. C.,Miller, N.,Craig, P.,Hackett, B. M.,Dietz, T. M.,Vine, E. L.,Levine, M. D.,Kowalczyk, D. J.(1985).Social and engineering determinants and their equity implications in residential electricity use.Energy,10(12),1283-1291.
12. Davoudi, S.,Dilley, L.,Crawford, J.(2014).Energy consumption behaviour: Rational or habitual?.disP-The Planning Review,50(3),11-19.
13. Dynan, K. E.(2000).Habit formation in consumer preferences: Evidence from panel data.American Economic Review,90(3),391-406.
14. Estoque, R. C.,Murayama, Y.,Myint, S. W.(2017).Effects of landscape composition and pattern on land surface temperature: An urban heat island study in the megacities of Southeast Asia.Science of the Total Environment,577(15),349-359.
15. Ewing, R.,Rong, F.(2008).The impact of urban form on U.S. residential energy use.Housing Policy Debate,19(1),1-30.
16. Filippini, M.,Hirl, B.,Masiero, G.(2018).Habits and rational behaviour in residential electricity demand.Resource and Energy Economics,52,137-152.
17. Filippini, M.,Pachauri, S.(2004).Elasticities of electricity demand in urban Indian households.Energy Policy,32(3),429-436.
18. Garcia-Cerrutti, L. M.(2000).Estimating elasticities of residential energy demand from panel county data using dynamic random variables models with heteroskedastic and correlated error terms.Resource and Energy Economics,22(4),355-366.
19. Guo, Z.,Zhou, K.,Zhang, C.,Lu, X.,Chen, W.,Yang, S.(2018).Residential electricity consumption behavior: Influencing factors, related theories and intervention strategies.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,81,399-412.
20. Halvorsen, R.(1975).Residential demand for electric energy.The Review of Economics and Statistics,57(1),12-18.
21. Hayashi, F.(1985).The permanent income hypothesis and consumption durability: Analysis based on Japanese panel data.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,100(4),1083-1113.
22. Huebner, G. M.,Cooper, J.,Jones, K.(2013).Domestic energy consumption—What role do comfort, habit, and knowledge about the heating system play?.Energy and Buildings,66,626-636.
23. Hung, M. F.,Huang, T. H.(2015).Dynamic demand for residential electricity in Taiwan under seasonality and increasing-block pricing.Energy Economics,48,168-177.
24. Jones, R. V.,Fuertes, A.,Lomas, K. J.(2015).The socio-economic, dwelling and appliance related factors affecting electricity consumption in domestic buildings.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,43,901-917.
25. Kavousian, A.,Rajagopal, R.,Fischer, M.(2013).Determinants of residential electricity consumption: Using smart meter data to examine the effect of climate, building characteristics, appliance stock, and occupants.behavior, Energy,55,184-194.
26. Ko, Y.(2013).Urban form and residential energy use: A review of design principles and research findings.Journal of Planning Literature,28(4),327-351.
27. Lam, J. C.(1998).Climatic and economic influences on residential electricity consumption.Energy Conversion and Management,39(7),623-629.
28. Larivière, I.,Lafrance, G.(1999).Modelling the electricity consumption of cities: Effect of urban density.Energy Economics,21(1),53-66.
29. Leahy, E.,Lyons, S.(2010).Energy use and appliance ownership in Ireland.Energy Policy,38(8),4265-4279.
30. Lee, S.,Lee, B.(2014).The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S..household sector, Energy Policy,68,534-549.
31. Mrabet, Z.,Alsamara, M.,Saleh, A. S.,Anwar, S.(2019).Urbanization and non-renewable energy demand: A comparison of developed and emerging countries.Energy,170,832-839.
32. Okajima, S.,Okajima, H.(2013).Estimation of Japanese price elasticities of residential electricity demand, 1990-2007.Energy Economics,40,433-440.
33. Rizzo, M. J.(2017).,未出版
34. Santamouris, M.,Kapsis, K.,Korres, D.,Livada, I.,Pavlou, C.,Assimakopoulos, M. N.(2007).On the relation between the energy and social characteristics of the residential sector.Energy and Buildings,39(8),893-905.
35. Schulte, I.,Heindl, P.(2017).Price and income elasticities of residential energy demand in Germany.Energy Policy,102,512-528.
36. Siebert, L. C.,Sbicca, A.,Aoki, A. R.,Lambert-Torres, G.(2017).A behavioral economics approach to residential electricity consumption.Energies,10(6),768.
37. Silva, S.,Soares, I.,Pinho, C.(2017).Electricity demand response to price changes: The Portuguese case taking into account income differences.Energy Economics,65,335-342.
38. Stone, B.,Norman, J. M.(2006).Land use planning and surface heat island formation: A parcel-based radiation flux approach.Atmospheric Environment,40(19),3561-3573.
39. White, H.(1980).A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity.Econometrica,48(4),817-838.
40. Yohanis, Y. G.,Mondol, J. D.,Wright, A.,Norton, B.(2008).Real-life energy use in the UK: How occupancy and dwelling characteristics affect domestic electricity use.Energy and Buildings,40(6),1053-1059.
41. Zhang, Y.,Bai, X.,Mills, F. P.,Pezzey, J. C. V.(2018).Rethinking the role of occupant behavior in building energy performance: A review.Energy and Buildings,172,279-294.
42. Zhou, S.,Teng, F.(2013).Estimation of urban residential electricity demand in China using household survey data.Energy Policy,61,394-402.
43. 王琪斐(2011)。臺南市，國立成功大學都市計劃學系。
44. 行政院主計總處（2018），家庭收支調查，「中華民國統計資訊網」，https://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem = 19882&CtNode = 512&mp = 4，2021年11月16 日。
45. 何宗武(2014).追蹤資料分析：原理與R程式實務.臺北市:雙葉書廊.
46. 吳大任,梁啟源,林師模,劉錦龍,王銘正,田佳芬,張博涵(2017)。臺灣人口結構變遷對住宅用電需求之影響。臺灣能源期刊，4(2)，183-198。
47. 杜易蒼(2015)。臺南市，國立成功大學都市計劃學系。
48. 林素琴,林志勳(2017)。我國住宅部門電力使用研究。臺灣能源期刊，4(3)，258-302。
49. 林震岩(2007).多變量分析：SPSS操作與應用.臺北市:智勝文化.
50. 林憲德(2009).人居熱環境.臺北市:詹氏書局.
51. 林憲德,涂金榮,李榮泰,靳企,鄭嘉俐(2000)。,臺北市:內政部建築研究所。
52. 孫捷恒(2016)。臺南市，國立成功大學都市計劃學系。
53. 張永鴻(2013)。新北市，淡江大學產業經濟學系。
54. 張致嘉(2015)。臺北市，國立政治大學地政學系。
55. 張國暉,翁渝婷,黃翰榆(2019)。能源的主爭點在電力。日常生活的能源革命：八個臺灣能源轉型先驅者的故事，臺北市:
56. 梁子珉(2014)。臺南市，國立成功大學都市計劃學系。
57. 郭騰隆(2011)。新北市，國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所。
58. 蕭新煌（編）,周素卿（編）,黃書禮（編）(2017).臺灣的都市氣候議題與治理.臺北市:國立臺灣大學出版中心.