台灣製造業不同廠商規模生產技術差異之分量迴歸分析

Investigating Productivity Differentials between Large and Small-Medium Manufacturers Using Quantile Regression Techniques

黃台心(Tai-Hsin Huang)；李起銓(Chi-Chuan Lee)；郭肇軒(Chao-Hsuan Kuo)

生產技術 ； 分量迴歸法 ； 差異分解法 ； Production Techniques ； Quantile Regression ； Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition

經濟研究

49卷2期（2013 / 07 / 31）

207 - 252

繁體中文

本文選取資訊電子業和食品業為代表，利用分量迴歸模型，估計大企業和中小企業勞動與資本的偏產量彈性與邊際產量、規模彈性、技術進步率、替代彈性等指標，再以 Blinder-Oaxaca方法分解兩種規模廠商間生產技術的差異，做為分析與比較之基礎，盼能提供企業改進方向，增進整體產業之生產效率。實證結果發現，兩產業之勞動偏產量彈性皆大於資本偏產量彈性，且規模彈性值皆大於1，顯示應持續擴大生產規模，藉以降低長期平均成本。另外，大企業替代彈性高於中小企業，表示台灣製造業大企業調整要素投入的能力較好。在生產技術的差異上，高科技產業的大企業，生產力優於中小企業；傳統產業差異則不明顯。

This paper studies the productivity differentials between large and small-medium Taiwanese manufacturing firms during 1992-2005. We apply a quantile regression technique to characterize the production processes of the manufacturers under consideration at various quantiles of conditional distribution. We then employ the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method to measure the difference in productivity between the two types of firms. Evidence shows that the output elasticity of labor is greater than that of capital and increasing returns to scale prevail, indicating that the sample firms should extend their production scale further to lower their long-run average cost. The elasticities of substitution for large firms exceed those of small-medium firms, implying that it is easier to substitute one input for another in large firms than it would be in small-medium firms. Large firms exhibit higher productivities than small-medium firms especially in the hightech industry.

1. 高子荃、詹淑慧(2010)。臺灣資訊電子業之廠商規模與成長：外人直接投資、技術差距、財務結構效果之分量分析。經濟研究，46(1)，69-101。
   連結：
2. 陳忠榮、莊文彬、楊志海(2002)。參進與退出的對稱性與相關性─臺灣製造業的實證分析。人文及社會科學集刊，14(1)，33-54。
   連結：
3. 陳建良(2007)。台灣公私部門工資差異的擬真分解分量迴估分析。經濟論文，35(4)，473-520。
   連結：
4. 陳建良、管中閔(2006)。台灣工資函數與工資性別歧視的分量迴歸分析。經濟論文，34(4)，435-468。
   連結：
5. 經濟部統計處 Department of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Affairs(2006)，台閩地區工廠校正暨營運調查 Factory Operation Census Report，http://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/dos/content/Content.aspx?menu_id=6813。
6. Stigler, G. (1939), “Production and Distribution in the Short-Run,” Journal of Political Economy, 47:3, 305-327.
7. 行政院主計總處 Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan (2006)，95 年製造業普查結果分析2006Manufacturing Sectors Census ， http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Attachment/943011174271.pdf。
8. Viner, J. (1932), “Cost Curves and Supply Curves,” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 3:1, 23-46.
9. Kuan, C. M. (2011), “An Introduction to Quantile Regression,” manuscript, http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ckuan/pdf/2011Spring/Lec-QReg-slide_1106.pdf.
10. Acs, Z. J.,Morck, R.,Yeung, B.(1999).Productivity Growth and Firm Size Distribution.Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy,Cambridge:
11. Aquilina, M.,Klump, R.,Pietrobelli, C.(2006).Factor Substitution, Average Firm Size and Economic Growth.Small Business Economics,26(3),203-214.
12. Bernini, C.,Freo, M.,Gardini, A.(2004).Quantile Estimation of Frontier Production Function.Empirical Economics,29(2),373-381.
13. Blinder, A. S.(1973).Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates.The Journal of Human Resources,8(4),436-455.
14. Brock, W. A.,Evans, D. S.(1986).The Economics of Small Businesses: Their Role and Regulation in the U.S. Economy.New York:Holmes and Meier.
15. Buchinsky, M.(1998).Recent Advances in Quantile Regression Models: A Practical Guideline for Empirical Research.The Journal of Human Resources,33(1),88-126.
16. Chen, J. R.,Lu, W. C.(2003).Panel Unit Root Tests of Firm Size and Its Growth.Applied Economics Letters,10(6),343-345.
17. Christensen, L. R.,Jorgenson, D. W.,Lau, L. J.(1973).Transcendental Logarithmic Production Frontiers.The Review of Economics and Statistics,55(1),28-45.
18. Das, B. J.,Chappell, W. F.,Shughart, W. F., II(1993).Demand Fluctuations and Firm Heterogeneity.The Journal of Industrial Economics,41(1),51-60.
19. Dhawan, R.(2001).Firm Size and Productivity Differential Theory and Evidence from a Panel of US Firms.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,44(3),269-293.
20. García, J.,Hernández, P. J.,López-Nicolás, A.(2001).How Wide Is the Gap? An Investigation of Gender Wage Differences Using Quantile Regression.Empirical Economics,26(1),149-167.
21. Gerlach, K.,Schmidt, E. M.(1990).Firm Size and Wages.Labour,4(2),27-50.
22. Hartog, J.,Pereira, P. T.,Vieira, J. A. C.(2001).Changing Returns to Education in Portugal during the 1980s and Early 1990s: OLS and Quantile Regression Estimators.Applied Economics,33(8),1021-1037.
23. Hu, L.(2003).The Hiring Decisions and Compensation Structures of Large Firms.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,56(4),663-681.
24. Huang, C. J.,Fu, T. T.,Yang, Y. L.(2007).Quantile Estimation of Production Profile.10th European Workshop on Efficiency and Productivity Analysis,Lille:
25. Koenker, R.(2005).Quantile Regression.New York:Cambridge University Press.
26. Koenker, R. W.,D''Orey, V.(1987).Algorithm AS 229: Computing Regression Quantiles.Applied Statistics,36(3),383-393.
27. Koenker, R.,Bassett, G., Jr.(1978).Regression Quantiles.Econometrica,46(1),33-50.
28. Lambson, V. E.(1991).Industry Evolution with Sunk Costs and Uncertain Market Conditions.International Journal of Industrial Organization,9(2),171-196.
29. Legge, J. M.(2000).The Economics of Industrial Innovation, (Book Review).Review of Political Economy,12(2),249-255.
30. Levinsohn, J.,Petrin, A.(2003).Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables.The Review of Economic Studies,70(2),317-341.
31. Liu, C.,Laporte, A.,Ferguson, B. S.(2008).The Quantile Regression Approach to Efficiency Measurement: Insights from Monte Carlo Simulation.Health Economics,17(9),1073-1087.
32. Machado, J. A. F.,Mata, J.(2001).Earning Functions in Portugal 1982-1994: Evidence from Quantile Regressions.Empirical Economics,26(1),115-134.
33. Machado, J. A. F.,Mata, J.(2005).Counterfactual Decomposition of Changes in Wage Distributions Using Quantile Regression.Journal of Applied Econometrics,20(4),445-465.
34. Nelson, R. R.(1984).Incentives for Entrepreneurship and Supporting Institutions.Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,120(4),646-661.
35. Nguyen, S. V.,Reznek, A. P.(1991).Returns to Scale in Small and Large U.S. Manufacturing Establishments.Small Business Economics,3(3),197-214.
36. Nguyen, S. V.,Reznek, A. P.(1993).Factor Substitution in Small and Large U.S. Manufacturing Establishments: 1977-82.Small Business Economics,5(1),37-54.
37. Nguyen, S. V.,Streitwieser, M. L.(1999).Factor Substitution in U.S. Manufacturing: Does Plant Size Matter?.Small Business Economics,12(1),41-57.
38. Oaxaca, R.(1973).Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets.International Economic Review,14(3),693-709.
39. Olley, G. S.,Pakes, A.(1996).The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry.Econometrica,64(6),1263-1297.
40. Olson, J. A.,Schmidt, P.,Waldman, D. M.(1980).A Monte Carlo Study of Estimators of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions.Journal of Econometrics,13(1),67-82.
41. Pull, K.(2003).Firm Size, Wages and Production Technology.Small Business Economics,21(3),285-288.
42. Stoneman, P.(ed.)(1995).Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change.Oxford:Blackwell.
43. Tornatzky, L. G.,Fleischer, M.(1990).The Process of Technological Innovation.Lexington, MA:Lexington Books.
44. Utterback, J. M.(1994).Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation.Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Press.
45. Williamson, O. E.(1967).Hierarchical Control and Optimum Firm Size.Journal of Political Economy,75(2),123-138.
46. Winter, S. G.(1984).Schumpeterian Competition in Alternative Technological Regimes.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,5(3-4),287-320.
47. Wooldridge, J. M.(2009).On Estimating Firm-Level Production Functions Using Proxy Variables to Control for Unobservables.Economics Letters,104(3),112-114.
48. Yang, C. H.(2007).What Factors Inspire the High Entry Flow in Taiwan's Manufacturing Industries-A Count Entry Model Approach.Applied Economics,39(14),1817-1831.
49. Yang, C. H.,Chen, J. R.,Chuang, W. B.(2004).Technology and Export Decision.Small Business Economics,22(5),349-364.
50. Yang, C. H.,Chen, K. H.(2009).Are Small Firms Less Efficient?.Small Business Economics,32(4),375-395.
51. Yang, C. H.,Huang, C. H.(2005).R&D, Size and Firm Growth in Taiwan's Electronics Industry.Small Business Economics,25(5),477-487.
52. Yasar, M.,Nelson, C. H.,Rejesus, R.(2006).Productivity and Exporting Status of Manufacturing Firms: Evidence from Quantile Regressions.Review of World Economics,142(4),675-694.
53. 李庸三、黃國樞(1977)。民國六十年台灣製造業生產函數之分析。經濟論文，5(1)，77-119。
54. 胡名雯(2000)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告,行政院國家科學委員會=National Science Council。
55. 胡名雯、陳宜亨(1993)。台灣地區中小企業生產技術之規模報酬的探討。企銀季刊，19(3)，49-72。
56. 胡名雯、薛琦(1997)。中小企業生產特性與效率之研究─台灣製造業分析。經濟論文叢刊，25(1)，1-26。
57. 陳忠榮、劉錦添、孫佳宏(2001)。中小企業與大企業技術效率之估計與比較─臺灣電子業四欄位產業之實證研究。國家科學委員會研究彙刊C：人文及社會科學，11(4)，401-413。

1. 蔡彣涓(2017)。過度教育與產業生產力—以二欄位製造業為例。經濟研究，53(1)，1-49。