組識變革推動者之情境知覺與變革策略之關聯

Organizational Change Strategy and Change Agent's Cognition Model

10.6226/NTURM2003.13.2.199

余坤東(Kung-Don Ye)；諸承明(Chen-Ming Chu)

組織變革 ； 知覺基模 ； 變革策略 ； organizational change ； schema ； organizational change strategy

臺大管理論叢

13卷2期（2003 / 06 / 01）

199 - 232

繁體中文

本研究旨在探討組織變革中，變革推動者決策基模的形成，以及知覺基模對於變革策略的影響。經由文獻整理，首先推論出知覺基模、外部環境（混亂程度）、內部環境（失敗如情緒）三者與變革策略的關聯性。資料收集方面，本研究以獲得ISO系列認證廠商為研究標的，採二階段抽樣方式，第一階段先抽選1000家廠商，進行初步問卷調查，第二階段再由第一階段成功抽樣的樣本中，寄發五份員工問卷，進行員工態度的調查，總計兩階段共計完成146個成功抽樣。驗證的結果顯示，變革推動者在組織中的影響力越大，其決策知覺基模將較會較注意內容導向、未來導向以及外部導向之相關資訊的收集，而對於過程導向、過去經驗導向、以及內部導向的線索則較不會注意。另一方面，知覺基模與變革策略的關聯，也受到變革情境的干擾，處在組織變革失敗情緒瀰漫的環境下，內部導向型的決策者將會較外部導向型的決策者，更傾向於採行漸進式、參與式的變革策略。而當處在動態、混亂的組織環境中，外部導向型的變革推動者將會較內部導向型的決策者，更傾向於採行全面式、指引式的變革策略。

This paper is to find out the factors that would be influential to the change agent's schema and the association between change agent's schema and his change strategy. 1000 of 1500 ISO certified companies were sampled, each company received one copy of supervisor questionnaire and five copies of employee questionnaire and 146 companies went through the process. By conducting regression analysis, most of the hypotheses were verified. When the change agent is influential in his position, he would be inclined to form a content oriented, future oriented and outside environment oriented schema to screen the cues of organizational information The association between change agent's schema and his change strategy is also contingent with the environmental situations. Under cynicism atmosphere, change agent with outside environment oriented schema would be more likely to adopt a revolutional change strategy than his counterparts. As the environment is dynamic and turbulent, a future oriented change agent would be more likely to adopt a radical and institutional change strategy.

1. Anderson, E., Oliver, R. L.(1986).Perspectives on behavior-based versus outcome-based sales force control systems.Journal of Marketing,51(1)
2. Anderson, L. M., Bateman, T. S.(1997).Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects.Journal of Organizational Behavior,18(5)
3. Andersson, L. M.(1996).Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework.Human Relations,49(11)
4. Argyris, C.(1998).Empowerment: The emperor's new clothes.Harvard Business Review,76(3)
5. Armenakis, A. A., Bedeian, A. G.(1999).Organizational change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s.Journal of Management,25(3)
6. Astley, W. G., Van de Ven, A. H.(1983).Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory.Administrative Science Quarterly,28
7. Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P., Mundell, B. L.(1995).Strategic and tactical logics of decision justification: Power and decision criteria in organizations.Human Relations,48(5)
8. Bamberger, P., Fiegenbaum, A.(1996).The role of strategic reference points in explaining the nature and consequences of human resource strategy.Academy of Management Review,21(4)
9. Bamberger, P., Phillips, B.(1991).Organizational environment versus business strategy: Parallel versus conflicting influences on Human Resource Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry.Human Resource Management,30(1)
10. Bartunek, J. M., Moch, M. K.(1987).First order, second order, and third order change and organization development interventions: a cognitive approach.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,23(4)
11. Buchanan, D., Badham, R.(1999).Politics and organizational change: The lived experience.Human Relations,52(5)
12. Craven, D. W., Ingram, T. N., LaForge, R. W., Young, C. E.(1993).Behavior-Based and outcome-based sales force control systems.Journal of Marketing,57(1)
13. Denison, D. R., Dutton, J. E., Kahn, J. A., Hart, S. L.(1996).Organizational context and the interpretation of strategic issues: A note on CEOs' interpretations of foreign investment.The Journal of Management Studies,33(4)
14. Driver, M. J., Svensson, K., Amato, R. P., Pate, L. E.(1996).A human-information processing approach to strategic change.International Studies of Management and Organization,26(1)
15. Dunphy, D., Stace, D.(1993).The strategic management of corporate change.Human Relations,46(8)
16. Dutton, J. E., Duncan, R. B.(1987).The Creation of Momentum for Change Through the Process of Strategic Issue Diagnosis.Strategic Management Journal,8(3)
17. Dutton, J. E., Jackson, S. E.(1987).Categorizing Strategic Issues: Link to Organizational Action.Academy of Management Review,12(1)
18. Fiegenbaum, A., Hart, S., Schendel, D.(1996).Strategic Reference Point Theory.Strategic Management Journal,17(3)
19. French, W. L., Bell, C. H.(1990).Organization development, behavioral science interventions for organization improvement.Prentice-Hall Inc..
20. Galang, M. C., Ferris, G. R.(1997).Human resource department power and influence through symbolic action.Human Relations,50(11)
21. Gioia, D. A., Thomas, J. B.(1996).Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia.Administrative Science Quarterly,41(3)
22. Gresov, C., Haveman, H., Oliva, T.(1993).Organizational design, inertia, and the dynamics of competitive response.Organization Science,4(2)
23. Haveman, H. A.(1992).Between a rock and a hard place: Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation.Administrative Science Quarterly,37(1)
24. Hond, F.(1998).Inertia and the strategic use of politics and power: A case study in the automotive industry.International Journal of Technology Management,16(7)
25. Huff, J., Huff, A., Thomas, H.(1992).Strategic renewal and the interaction of cumulative stress and inertia.Strategic Management Journal,13(special issue)
26. Iacobucci, D., Nordhielm, C.(2000).Creative benchmarking.Harvard Business Review,78(6)
27. Isabella, L. A.(1990).Evolving interpretations as a change unfolds: How managers construe key organizational events.Academy of Management Journal,33(1)
28. Kelly, D., Amburgey, T. L.(1991).Organizational Inertia and Momentum: A Dynamic Model of Strategic Change.Academy of Management Journal,34(3)
29. Kotter, J. P.(1995).Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail?.Harvard Business Review,73(2)
30. Lau, C. M., Woodman, R. W.(1995).Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective.Academy of Management Journal,38(2)
31. Lord, R. G.(1985).An information processing approach to social perceptions, leadership and behavioral measurement in organizations.Research in Organizational Behavior,7
32. McCabe, D. L., Dutton, J. E.(1993).Making sense of the environment: The role of Perceived effectiveness.Human Relations,46(5)
33. McKinley, W., Zhao, J., Rust, K. G.(2000).A sociocognitive interpretation of organizational downsizing.Academy of Management Review,25(1)
34. Meyer, A., Brooks, G., Goes, J.(1990).Environmental jolts and industry revolutions: Organizational responses to discontinuous change.Strategic Management Journal,11
35. Mintzberg, H.(1983).Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall Inc..
36. Morgan, G., Ramirez, R.(1984).Action learning: A holographic metaphor for guiding social change.Human Relations,37
37. Oczkowski, E., Farrell, M. A.(1998).Discriminating Between Measurement Scales Using Non-nested Tests and Two-stage Least Squares Estimators: The Case of Market Orientation.International Journal of Research in Marketing,15(4)
38. Poole, P. P., Gioia, D. A., Gray, B.(1989).Influence modes, schema change, and organizational transformation.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,25(3)
39. Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., Austin, J. T.(1997).Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change.The Academy of Management Executive,11(1)
40. Roberts, P. W., Greenwood, R.(1997).Integrating transaction cost and institutional theories: Toward a constrained-efficiency framework for understanding organizational design adoption.Academy of Management Review,22(2)
41. Schneider, D. J.(1991).Social cognition.Annual Review of Psychology,42(5)
42. Schwenk, C. R.(1984).Cognitive simplification processes in strategic decision-making.Strategic Management Journal,5
43. Snyder, M., Uranowitz, S. W.(1978).Reconstructing the past: Some cognitive consequences of person perception.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36(6)
44. Strebel, P.(1996).Why do employees resist change?.Harvard Business Review,74(3)
45. Sun, H.(1994).Patterns of organizational changes and technological innovations.International Journal Technology Management,19(2)
46. Taylor, S. E., Crocker, J.(1981).Social cognition.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
47. Thomas, J. B., Shankster, L. J., Mathieu, J. E.(1994).Antecedents to organizational issue interpretation: The roles of single-level, cross-level, and content cues.Academy of Management Journal,37(5)
48. Thompson, R. C., Hunt, J. G.(1996).Inside the black box of alpha, beta, and gamma change: Using a cognitive processing model to assess attitude structure.Academy of Management Review,21(3)
49. Tsui, Anne S.(1984).Personnel department effectiveness: A tripartite approach.Industrial Relations,23(2)
50. Ungson, G. R., Braunstein, D. N., Hall, P. D.(1981).Managerial information processing: A research review.Administrative Science Quarterly,26(1)
51. Waller, M. J., Huber, G. P., Glick, W. H.(1995).Functional background as a determinant of executives' selective perception.Academy of Management Journal,38(4)
52. Walsh, J. P.(1988).Selectivity and selective perception: An investigation of managers' belief structures and information processing.Academy of Management Journal,31(4)
53. Walsh, J. P., Charalambrdes, L. C.(1990).Individual and social origins of belief structure change.The Journal of Social Psychology,130(4)
54. Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., Austin, J. T.(2000).Cynicism about organizational change: Measurement, antecedent, and correlates.Group ＆ Organizational Management,25(2)
55. Westphal, J. D., Gulati, R., Shortell, S. M.(1997).Customization or conformity? An institutional and network perspective on the content and consequences of TQM adoption.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(2)
56. 江岷欽 Chiang, Min-Chin(1993)。組織分析。台北:五南出版公司。
57. 林敬儒 Lin, Jing-Ru(1997)。資訊管理研究（中央大學） Information Management Research。國立成功大學企業管理研究所。
58. 胡哲生 Hu, Jer-San(1987)。資訊管理研究（中央大學） Information Management Research。國立政治大學企業管理研究所。
59. 高啟輔(1995)。資訊管理研究（中央大學） Information Management Research。臺灣工業技術學院管理技術研究所。
60. 葉匡時 Yeh, Kuang S.、 黃振聰 Huang, Jen-Jsung、 劉韻僖 Liu, Yun-Shi、 彭信衡 Peng, Hsin-Hen(1996)。公司上市的原因與上市過程的組織變革 Motivations and Organizational Change Processes of Corporations' Initial Public Offerings in Taiwan。管理評論 Management Review，15(1)

1. 李鴻章(2006)。組識內關鍵人物對學校組織變革影響與因應之探討。致遠管理學院學報，1，51-64。
2. 林弘昌、吳姵儒(2018)。高科技產業研發工程師五大人格特質、組織變革態度與工作投入之研究。科技與人力教育季刊，5(1)，67-88。
3. 王世璋(2006)。技專校院組織變革之系統分析——以A科技大學為例。學校行政，45，107-123。
4. 謝昌隆,詹偉瀚,江雲驊(2022)。員工知覺環境變化對員工支持組織變革的影響－以逆境商數及開放性人格為調節。管理資訊計算，11(特刊1)，39-54。