主管管理職能提升：自我導向學習與知覺組織支持的交互效果

The Enhancement of Manager's Managerial Competency: The Interactive Effects of Self-Directed Learning and Perceived Organizational Support

10.6226/NTURM2011.22.1.135

施智婷(Chih-Ting Shih)；陳旭耀(Hsu-Yao Chen)；黃良志(Liang-Chih Huang)

自我導向學習 ； 知覺組織支持 ； 管理職能 ； self-directed learning readiness ； perceived organizational support ； managerial competency

臺大管理論叢

22卷1期（2011 / 12 / 01）

135 - 164

繁體中文

過去學者與業界對於發展主管管理職能往往強調由組織主導一套完善的管理發展活動，達到提升管理職能與工作績效之目的，而忽略個體自發性學習活動的價值。本研究主要探討主管自我導向學習對管理職能與工作績效的影響，同時以組織支持的角度探討組織在此過程中扮演的角色。本研究以來自不同產業之200位中階主管為研究對象，經干擾結構方程式模式檢驗後發現，自我導向學習、知覺組織支持以及兩者之交互效果能夠顯著提升主管之管理職能，進而增進工作績效。本研究結果顯示雖然管理職能的發展與工作績效能由主管自我導向學習達成，並與組織正式訓練達到相同的效果，組織對主管管理職能發展之支持亦是不可或缺的推手。

Prior literature on human resource development have put more emphasis on the dominant role that organization plays in need-identifying and planning a set of training and development projects to enhance managers' managerial competency, while ignoring the effect of self-directed learning in the workplace. The study analyzed 200 middle-managers with moderated structural equation modeling (MSE). Results showed that self-directed learning readiness of managers have significant interactive effect with perceived organizational support on managerial competency, and in turn have positive effect of managers' performance. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

1. 林文政、鄧國宏、劉麗華(2006)。影響銀行主管管理職能評鑑認知因素的探索研究。中山管理評論，14(3)，713-750。
   連結：
2. 郭倉義、呂宗翰、蔡憲唐、曾一原(2008)。數位學習系統接受度之研究：自我導向學習的觀點。電子商務學報，10(4)，963-987。
   連結：
3. 陳建丞(2008)。員工知覺的組織支持與工作績效間的中介模型研究。管理學報，25(3)，309-331。
   連結：
4. 彭台光、林鉦棽(2008)。組織現象和層次議題：非獨立性資料的概念和實徵。組織與管理，1(1)，95-121。
   連結：
5. 彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題─本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。
   連結：
6. 鄭晉昌、劉曉雯、林俊宏、陳春希(2006)。多向度之管理職能評鑑與主管級員工績效及績效改善之關係─一項結合橫貫面與縱貫面之研究。人力資源管理學報，6(4)，1-21。
   連結：
7. Aiken, L. S.,West, S. G.(1991).Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
8. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A review & recommended two-step approach.Psychological Bulletin,103(3),411-423.
9. Armstrong, J. S.,Overton, T. S.(1977).Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys.Journal of Marketing Research,14(3),396-402.
10. Artis, A. B.,Harris, E. G.(2007).Self-directed learning and sales force performance: An integrated framework.Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management,27(1),9-24.
11. Bagozzi, R. P.,Edwards, J. R.(1998).A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research.Organizational Research Methods,1(1),45-87.
12. Bandalos, D. L.,Finney, S. J.(2001).Item parceling issues in structural equation modeling.New developments and techniques in Structural Equation Modeling,Mahwah, NJ:
13. Bentler, P. M.(1995).EQS structural equations program manual.Encino, CA:Multivariate Software.
14. Bentler, P. M.,Chou, C. P.(1987).Practical issues in structural modeling.Sociological Methods & Research,16(1),78-117.
15. Bentler, P. M.,Wu, E. J. C.(1983).EQS/windows user's guide.Los Angeles, CA:BMDP Statistical Software.
16. Biemans, H.,Nieuwenhuis, L.,Poell, R.,Mulder, M.,Wesselink, R.(2004).Competencebased VET in the Netherlands: Background and pitfalls.Journal of Vocational Education and Training,56(4),523-538.
17. Blau, P. M.(1964).Exchange and power in social life.New York, NY:Wiley.
18. Bliese, P. D.(2000).Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis.Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions,San Francisco, CA:
19. Blumberg, M.,Pringle, C. D.(1982).The missing opportunity in organizational research: Some implications for a theory of work performance.Academy of Management Review,7(4),560-569.
20. Bollen, K. A.(1989).Structural equations with latent variables.New York, NY:Wiley.
21. Boyatzis, R. E.(1982).The competent manager: A model for effective performance.New York, NY:John Willey & Sons.
22. Brinberg, D.,Castell, P.(1982).A resource exchange approach to interpersonal attractions: A test of Foa's theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,43(2),260-269.
23. Bryk, A. S.,Raudenbush, S. W.(1992).Hierarchical linear models: Application and data analysis methods.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
24. Carroll, S. J.,Gillen, D. J.(1987).Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial work?.Academy of Management Review,12(1),38-51.
25. Confessore, S. J.,Kops, W. J.(1998).Self-directed learning and the learning organization: Examining the connection between the individual and the learning environment.Human Resource Development Quarterly,9(4),365-375.
26. Cortina, J. M.,Chen, G.,Dunlap, W. P.(2001).Testing interaction effects in LISREL: Examination and illustration of available procedures.Organizational Research Methods,4(4),324-360.
27. Dragoni, L.,Tesluk, P. E.,Russell, J.,Oh, I.(2009).Understanding managerial development: Integrating developmental assignments, learning orientation, and access to developmental opportunities in predicting managerial competencies.Academy of Management Journal,52(4),731-743.
28. Eisenberger, R.,Cummings, J.,Armeli, S.,Lynch, P.(1997).Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,82(5),812-820.
29. Eisenberger, R.,Hungtington, R.,Hutchison, S.,Sowa, D.(1986).Perceived organizational support.Journal of Applied Psychology,71(3),500-507.
30. Ellinger, A. D.(2004).The concept of self-directed learning and its implications for human resource development.Advances in Developing Human Resources,6(2),158-177.
31. Firebaugh, G.(1980).Groups as contexts and frog ponds.Issues in aggregation,San Francisco, CA:
32. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D. F.(1981).Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
33. Ganster, D. C.,Hennessey, H. W.,Luthans, F.(1983).Social desirability response effects: Three alternative models.Academy of Management Journal,26(2),321-331.
34. Gouldner, A. W.(1960).The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement.American Sociological Review,25(2),161-178.
35. Guglielmino, L. M.(1977).University of Georgia.
36. Guglielmino, P. J.,Guglielmino, L. M.,Long, H. B.(1987).Self-directed learning readiness and performance in the workplace.Higher Education,16(3),303-317.
37. Guglielmino, P. J.,Murdick, R. G.(1997).Self-directed learning: The quiet revolution in corporate training and development.SAM Advanced Management Journal,62(3),10-18.
38. Guglielmino, P. J.,Roberts, D. G.(1992).A comparison of self-directed learning readiness in U.S. and Hong Kong samples and the implications for job performance.Human Resource Development Quarterly,3(3),261-271.
39. Hashim, J.(2008).Competencies acquisition through self-directed learning among Malaysian managers.Journal of Workplace Learning,20(4),259-271.
40. Hazucha, J. F.,Hezlett, S. A.,Schneider, R. J.(1993).The impact of 360-degree feedback on management skills development.Human Resource Management,32(2/3),325-351.
41. Hochwarter, W. A.,Kacmar, C.,Perrewe, P. L.,Johnson, D.(2003).Perceived organizational support as a mediator of the relationship between politics perceptions and work outcomes.Journal of Vocational Behavior,63(3),438-456.
42. Howell, J. P.,Dorfman, P. W.,Kerr, S.(1986).Moderator variables in leadership research.Academy of Management Review,11(1),88-102.
43. Hu, L.,Bentler, P. M.(1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Structural Equation Modeling,6(1),1-55.
44. Jaccard, J.,Wan, C. K.(1995).Measurement error in the analysis of interaction effects between continuous predictors using multiple regression: Multiple indicator and structural equation approaches.Psychological Bulletin,117(2),348-357.
45. James, L. R.(1982).Aggregation bias in estimates perceptual agreement.Journal of Applied Psychology,67(2),219-229.
46. Jöreskog, K. G.,Sörbom, D.(1989).LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications.Chicago, IL:SPSS Inc..
47. Jöreskog, K. G.,Yang, F.(1996).Nonlinear structural equation models: The Kenny-Judd model with interaction effects.Advanced structural equation modeling techniques,Hillsdale, NJ:
48. Kanungo, R. N.,Misra, S.(1992).Managerial resourcefulness: A reconceptualization of management skills.Human Relations,45(12),1311-1332.
49. Katz, R. L.(1955).Skills of an effective administrator.Harvard Business Review,33(1),33-42.
50. Kenny, D. A.,Judd, C. M.(1986).Consequences of violating the independence assumption in analysis of variance.Psychological Bulletin,99(3),422-431.
51. Knowles, M. S.(1975).Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers.New York, NY:Cambridge Association Press.
52. Knowles, M. S.(1990).The adult learner: A neglected species.Houston, TX:Gulf Publishing Co..
53. Knowles, M. S.,Holton, E. F.,Swanson, R. A.(2005).The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development.Burlington, MA:Elsevier.
54. Lin, Y. Y.(1998).Success factors of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan: An analysis of cases.Journal of Small Business Management,36(4),43-56.
55. Loehlin, J. C.(1992).Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
56. Long, H. B.(ed.)(2003).Preparing e-learners for self-directed learning.Preparing learners for e-learning,San Francisco, CA:
57. Long, H. B.,Morris, S. S.(1996).Self-directed learning in business and industry: A review of the literature 1983-1993.New dimensions in self-directed learning
58. McClelland, D. C.(1973).Testing for competence rather than for intelligence.American Psychologist,28(1),1-14.
59. Medsker, G. J.,Williams, L. J.,Holahan, P. J.(1994).A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research.Journal of Management,20(2),439-464.
60. Nunnally, J. C.,Bernstein, I. H.(1994).Psychometric theory.New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
61. Offermann, L. R.,Bailey, J. R.,Vasilopoulos, N. L.,Seal, C.,Sass, M.(2004).The relative contribution of emotional competence and cognitive ability to individual and team performance.Human Performance,17(2),219-243.
62. Ping, R. A.(1995).A parsimonious estimating technique for interaction and quadratic latent variables.Journal of Marketing Research,32(8),336-347.
63. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.,Fetter, R.(1993).Substitutes for leadership and the management of professionals.Leadership Quarterly,4(1),1-44.
64. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.,Lee, J. Y.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
65. Podsakoff, P. M.,Organ, D. W.(1986).Self-reports in organizational research: Problems & prospects.Journal of Management,12(4),531-544.
66. Prahalad, C. K.,Hamel, G.(1990).The core competence of the corporation.Harvard Business Review,68(3),79-91.
67. Qiao, J. X.,Wang, W.(2009).Managerial competencies for middle managers: Some empirical findings from China.Journal of European Industrial Training,33(1),69-81.
68. Raelin, J. A.,Cooledge, A. S.(1995).From generic to organic competencies.Human Resource Planning,18(3),24-33.
69. Raja, U.,Johns, G.,Ntalianis, F.(2004).The impact of personality on psychological contracts.Academy of Management Journal,47(3),350-367.
70. Raymond, A. N.(1999).Employee training & development.New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
71. Reuber, A. R.,Fischer, E.(1997).The influence of the management team's international experience on the internationalization behaviors of SMEs.Journal of International Business Studies,28(4),807-825.
72. Rhoades, L.,Eisenberger, R.(2002).Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature.Journal of Applied Psychology,87(4),698-714.
73. Rhoades, L.,Eisenberger, R.,Armeli, S.(2001).Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support.Journal of Applied Psychology,86(5),825-836.
74. Roberson, D. N.,Merriam, S. B.(2005).The self-directed learning process of older, rural adults.Adult Education Quarterly,55(4),269-287.
75. Rouiller, J. Z.,Goldstein, I. L.(1993).The relationship between organizational transfer climate and positive transfer of training.Human Resource Development Quarterly,4(4),377-390.
76. Sandberg, J.(2000).Understanding human competence at work: An interpretative approach.Academy of Management Journal,43(1),9-25.
77. Sandwith, P.(1993).A hierarchy of management training requirements: The competency domain model.Public Personnel Management,22(1),43-62.
78. Schmitt, N.(1994).Method bias: The importance of theory and measurement.Journal of Organizational Behavior,15(5),393-398.
79. Scott, S. G.,Bruce, R. A.(1994).Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace.Academy of Management Journal,37(3),580-607.
80. Shippmann, J. S.,Ash, R. A.,Batjtsta, M.,Carr, L.,Eyde, L. D.,Beryl, H.,Kehoe, J.,Pearlman, K.,Prien, E. P.,Sanchez, J. I.(2000).The practice of competency model.Personnel Psychology,53(3),703-740.
81. Shore, L. M.,Tetrick, L. E.(1991).A construct validity study of the survey of perceived organizational support.Journal of Applied Psychology,76(5),637-643.
82. Sobel, M. E.(1982).Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models.Sociological methodology,290-312.
83. Spencer, L. M.,Spencer, S. M.(1993).Competence at work.New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons.
84. Steiger, J. H.,Lind, J. C.(1980).Statistically-based tests for the number of common factors.The annual Spring Meeting of the Psychometric Society,Iowa City:
85. Straka, G. A.(1999).Perceived work conditions and self-directed learning in the process of work.International Journal of Training and Development,3(4),240-249.
86. Swanson, R. A.(1995).Human resource development: Performance is the key.Human Resource Development Quarterly,6(2),207-213.
87. Swanson, R. A.,Arnold, D. E.(1996).The purpose of human resource development is to improve organizational performance.Workplace learning: Debating five critical questions of theory and practice,San Francisco, CA:
88. Tesluk, P. E.,Jacobs, R. R.(1998).Toward an integrated model of work experience.Personnel Psychology,51(2),321-355.
89. Tracey, J. B.,Tannenbaum, S. I.,Kavanagh, M. J.(1995).Applying trained skills on the job: The importance of the work environment.Journal of Applied Psychology,80(2),239-252.
90. Uyterhoeven, H.(1972).General managers in the middle.Harvard Business Review,67(5),136-145.
91. Wayne, S. J.,Shore, L. M.,Liden, R. C.(1997).Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective.Academy of Management Journal,40(1),82-111.
92. Whitfield, K.(2000).High-performance workplace, training, and the distribution of skills.Industrial Relations,39(1),1-25.
93. Williams, L. J.,Cote, J. A.,Buckley, M. R.(1989).Lack of method variance in selfreported affect and perceptions at work: Reality or artifact?.Journal of Applied Psychology,74(3),462-468.
94. Williams, L. J.,Hazer, J. T.(1986).Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods.Journal of Applied Psychology,71(2),219-231.
95. Wright, P. M.,McMahan, G. C.,McCormick, B.,Sherman, W. S.(1998).Strategy, core competence and HR involvement as determinants of HR effectiveness and refinery performance.Human Resource Management,37(1),17-29.
96. Yang, B.(2004).Can adult learning theory provide a foundation for human resource development?.Advances in Developing Human Resources,6(2),129-145.
97. Yeung, A. K.,Ulrich, D. O.,Nason, S. W.,Von Glinow, M. A.(1999).Organizational learning capability.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
98. Yeung, A. K.,Woolcock, P.,Sullivan, J.(1996).Identifying and developing HR competencies for the future: Keys to sustaining the transformation of HR functions.Human Resource Planning,19(4),48-58.
99. 李元墩、藍俊偉、陳清燿(1999)。企業白領員工生產力衡量之研究─以臺灣電子產業為例。黃埔學報，37，345-361。
100. 林文政(2001)。台灣製造業人力資源專業職能之研究。中山管理評論，9(4)，621-654。
101. 施美朱(1999)。遠距學習、自我導向學習在成人科技教育的應用。生活科技教育，32(12)，25-32。
102. 陳茂祥(2001)。自我導向學習理論及其在成人教育上的啟示。朝陽學報，6，65-89。
103. 鄧運林(1995)。成人教學與自我導向學習。台北=Taipei, TW:五南書局=Wunan。
104. 鄧運林(1992)。國立政治大學教育研究所=Graduate Institute of Educational Administration and Policy, NCCU。
105. 蕭錫錡(1998)。Bureau and Employment Vocational Training Research ReportBureau and Employment Vocational Training Research Report,台北=Taipei, TW:行政院勞工委員會職業訓練局=Bureau and Employment Vocational Training。
106. 鍾司倩(2003)。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所=Institute of Human Resource Management, NSYSU。

1. 戴慧如,陳殷哲,何世華(2021)。自我導向學習之統合分析研究。科技與人力教育季刊，7(4)，109-126。
2. 黃寶嬋,何青蓉(2019)。新住民女性知覺社會支持、自我導向學習能力與自我效能關係之研究。教育學誌，41，49-114。
3. 賴素珍,陳殷哲(2022)。建構師資培育生教學成熟度模式之研究。當代教育研究季刊，30(2)，1-47。
4. (2021)。社工路、怎麼走？──社會工作者的職業生涯與自我管理。社區發展季刊，173，70-84。
5. (2022)。建構新任系所主管領導發展方案。當代教育研究季刊，30(4)，3-40。