同儕性別組成對大學科系選擇之影響

THE INFLUENCE OF PEER GENDER COMPOSITION ON CHOICE OF COLLEGE MAJOR

郭祐誠(Yu-Chen Kuo)

科系選擇 ； 職業隔離 ； 同儕效果 ； 同儕性別組成 ； Choice of college major ； Occupational segregation ； peer gender compostion

經濟論文

46卷2期（2018 / 06 / 01）

225 - 261

繁體中文

台灣如同其他歐美國家，以教育程度當作衡量性別教育成就差距早已消失，但性別職業隔離現象還是清楚呈現，女性在理工領域的人數明顯較男性少，而這也普遍被視為男女間持續存在工資差距的重要因素。由於大學時期的主修與未來的職業選擇息息相關，因此本計畫的目標在利用「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫後绩調查」（簡稱TEPS-B）連結「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（簡稱TEPS），探索國中時期同儕的性別組成對於未來上大學科系選擇之可能影響。實證結果發現國中班級的性別組成對於未來性別主流科系選擇的影響，主要發生在男性，且存在非線性的關聯。當班級中女性比例為絕對少數時，此時女性比例的增加會提高男性將來選擇性別主流科系的可能性，亦即傾向選理工科系。但當女性超過一定比例為相對多數時，此時會降低男性將來選擇性別主流科系的機率，也就是傾向選人文社會科系。至於性別組成對女性之影響則與男性有所差異，實證結果顯示女性之科系選擇與學習環境的性別組成之間無顯著關聯。由於絕大多數國中班級性別比例之組成不大可能由學生或其家長所影響或加以選擇，此一結果顯示班級性別之組成的確有可能影響學生之性別意識及學習行為，進而影響學生將來科系之選擇。此一發現或許可以解釋為何台灣近年來男性大學生，選擇理工科系的比例逐年降低，部分有可能導因於國中時期班級，性別分佈漸趨平均所致。

Empirical evidence indicates that gender-based difference in ability can only partly explain differences in educational or occupational choices. The concern of gender segregation in occupation or education has never lessened as scientists seek to address the underrepresentation of women in science technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers Authors of previous studies suspect that students growing in a learning environment with more mixed-gender setup are more likely to choose gender-stereotyped majors This paper will analyze the effects of per gender-composition on choice of college major using data from the Taiwan Education Penal Survey (TEPS) and Taiwan Education Pane Survey and Beyond (TEPS B). Results showed that pear gander-composition in junior high school has significant and nonlinear impact on male choice of college major Male students who attended a junior high school class with a very low proportion of female classmates tended to select ＂prevalently male＂ college majors as the proportion of females increased in their junior high school classes it is worth nothing that males become less likely to choose prevalently male＂ college majors once the female sex ratio reaches a certain level. These effects of peer gender-composition however, are not observed in the female cohort These results may partly explain the declining percentage of male college students who choose natural sciences as their college major over the last decade These findings should also improve the understanding of educational decision-making processes in Taiwan and be relevant to national educational policy decisions.

1. 余民寧、趙珮晴、陳嘉成(2010)。以社會認知生涯理論探討影響選擇數學職業意圖的因素。教育科學研究期刊，55(3)，177-201。
   連結：
2. 徐美、陳明郎、方俊德(2006)。台灣產業結構變遷和性別歧視對男女薪資溢酬變動趨勢之影響。經濟論文，34(4)，505-539。
   連結：
3. 郭祐誠、許聖章(2011)。數學能力與性別對高中學生選組之影響。經濟論文叢刊，39(4)，541-591。
   連結：
4. 陳婉琪(2013)。高中生選組行為的原因與結果─性別、信念、教師角色與能力發展。台灣社會學，25，89-123。
   連結：
5. 曾薰瑤(2005)。圖示量化屬性資料之對應─集群分析的應用：以學生性格特質、主修科系與職業期待的關聯性研究為例。管理學報，22(4)，467-480。
   連結：
6. 關秉寅(2017)。從學校到勞力市場─簡介〔台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫〕及其後續追蹤調查。中國統計學報，55(1)，25-41。
   連結：
7. Altonji, J. G.,Blom, E.,Meghir, C.(2012).Heterogeneity in Human Capital Investments: High School Curriculum, College Major, and Careers.Annual Review of Economics,4(1),185-223.
8. Anelli, M.,Peri, G.(2013).CESifo Working PaperCESifo Working Paper,未出版
9. Anelli, M.,Peri, G.(2013).NBER Working PaperNBER Working Paper,未出版
10. Anil, B.,Guner, D.,Delibasi, T.,Uysal, G.(2016).IZA Discussion PaperIZA Discussion Paper,未出版
11. Baraka, J. L. (1999), “Does Type of Degree Explain Taiwan Gender Gap?” Working Paper, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University.
12. Belfi, B.,Goos, M.,De Fraine, B.,Van Damme, J.(2012).The Effect of Class Composition by Gender and Ability on Secondary School Students' School Well-Being and Academic Self-Concept: A Literature Review.Educational Research Review,7(1),62-74.
13. Billger, S. M.(2007).Does Attending Predominately-Female Schools Make a Difference? Labor Market Outcomes for Women.Journal of Economics and Finance,31(2),166-185.
14. Blau, F. D.,Kahn, L. M.(2006).The U.S. Gender Wage Gap in the 1990s: Slowing Convergence.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,60(1),45-66.
15. Booth, A.,Cardona-Sosa, L.,Nolen, P.(2014).Gender Differences in Risk Aversion: Do Single-Sex Environments Affect Their Development?.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,99,126-154.
16. Coleman, J. S.,Campell, E. Q.,Hobson, C. J.,McPartland, J.,Mood, A. M.,Weinfeld, F. D.,York, R. L.(1966).Equality of Educational Opportunity.Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education.
17. Eisenkopf, G.,Hessami, Z.,Fischbacher, U.,Ursprung, H. W.(2015).Academic Performance and Single-Sex Schooling: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Switzerland.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,115,123-143.
18. Favara, M.(2012).IZA Discussion PaperIZA Discussion Paper,未出版
19. Fryer, R. G.,Levitt, S.(2010).An Empirical Analysis of the Gender Gap in Mathematics.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,2(2),210-240.
20. Hellevik, O.(2009).Linear versus Logistic Regression When the Dependent Variable Is a Dichotomy.Quality & Quantity,43(1),59-74.
21. Lavy, V.,Schlosser, A.(2011).Mechanisms and Impacts of Gender Peer Effects at School.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,3(2),1-33.
22. Lee, V. E.,Bryk, A. S.(1986).Effects of Single-Sex Secondary Schools on Student Achievement and Attitudes.Journal of Educational Psychology,78(5),381-395.
23. Lee, V. E.,Lockheed, M. E.(1990).The Effects of Single-Sex Schooling on Achievement and Attitudes in Nigeria.Comparative Education Review,34(2),209-231.
24. Lee, V. E.,Marks, H. M.(1990).Sustained Effects of the Single-Sex Secondary School Experience on Attitudes, Behaviors, and Values in College.Journal of Educational Psychology,82(3),578-592.
25. Levanon, A.,England, P.,Allison, P.(2009).Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950-2000 U.S. Census Data.Social Forces,88(2),865-891.
26. Park, H.,Behrman, J. R.,Choi, J.(2013).Causal Effects of Single-Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance: Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools.Demography,50(2),447-469.
27. Park, H.,Behrman, J. R.,Choi, J.(2012).PIER Working PaperPIER Working Paper,未出版
28. Park, S.(2017).,未出版
29. Schneeweis, N.,Zweimüller, M.(2012).Girls, Girls, Girls: Gender Composition and Female School Choice.Economics of Education Review,31(4),482-500.
30. Solnick, S. J.(1995).Changed in Women's Majors from Entrance to Graduation at Women's and Coeducational Colleges.Industrial and Labor Relations Review,48(3),505-514.
31. Wiswall, M.,Zafar, B.(2014).FRBNY Staff ReportFRBNY Staff Report,未出版
32. Wooldridge, J.(2010).Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
33. 孫旻暐、陳語箴(2013)。性別刻板印象與知覺重要他人意向對高中女生在科系選擇的影響與角色機制。教育與心理研究，36(2)，57-85。
34. 張笠雲(2003)。台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫─第一～四波資料使用手冊。台北=Taipei:中央研究院調查研究專題中心=Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica。
35. 楊孟麗、譚康榮、黃敏雄(2003)。心理計量報告─TEPS 2001分析能力測驗。台北=Taipei:中央研究院調查研究專題中心=Center for Survey Research, Academia Sinica。
36. 謝小芩、林大森、陳佩英(2011)。性別科系跨界？大學生的性別與科系選擇。台灣社會學刊，48，95-149。
37. 關秉寅(2016)。,未出版

1. 駱明慶,劉家樺(2021)。父母的性別偏好對國中子女升學和高中職主修領域選擇的影響－以「台灣青少年計畫」樣本為例。經濟論文，49(2)，163-200。
2. 劉錦添,池伯尉,尤素娟(2021)。為何女生不讀理工、男生不讀人文？－大學入學考生資料之實證。經濟論文叢刊，49(2)，263-306。
3. (2021)。以TEPS 2001資料再探選組行為的性別差異：手足性別組成的影響。臺灣教育社會學研究，21(2)，105-149。
4. (2024)。2004年《性別平等教育法》對高中生選組的影響。人文及社會科學集刊，36(1)，101-161。