貿易自由化與所得不均度間之非單調關係

THE NON-MONOTONIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND INCOME INEQUALITY

徐則謙(Tsechien Hsu)

國際貿易 ； 所得不均度 ； 異質生產者 ； 借貸市場摩擦 ； 產業內貿易 ； International trade ； Income inequality ； Heterogeneous producers ； Frictions in the borrowing and lending market ； Intra-industry trade

經濟論文

46卷4期（2018 / 12 / 01）

597 - 636

繁體中文

二十世紀末，不少實證研究發現世界各國所得不均度上升的模式異於Heckscher-Ohlin模型之預測，因而認為貿易並非主因。然而最近不少研究，特別是基於異質生產者的模型，重新發現兩者間的關係具有理論基礎，並在實證上得到佐證。本文結合借貸市場的摩擦、個體資本稟賦的差異及需求彈性的內生性，內生地創造出所得不均度與貿易自由化的非單調（non-monotonic）關係。同樣立基於異質生產者的架構，雖然部分模型預測之關係為單調，然仍有部分模型呈現非單調的特徵，即使產生的機制與本文不同。

At the end of the twentieth century, many economists believe that trade is not the main reason causing income inequality within countries, because several empirical studies have found that the pattern of the rise in inequality does not coincide with the prediction of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. However, many recent studies, especially those based on firm heterogeneity, rediscover the theoretical basis and empirical evidence to support the relationship between the two. Based on the friction in the borrowing market, the difference between the capital endowment and the endogeneity of the demand elasticity, this paper generates the non-monotonic relationship between the inequality and trade liberalization. Based on firm heterogeneity, some studies predict the existence of a monotonic relationship, but others show a non-monotonic feature, although the mechanism is different from this paper.

1. 徐則謙(2014)。國際貿易、借貸市場摩擦與所得分配不平均。經濟論文，42(1)，79-118。
   連結：
2. Akerlof, G. A.,Yellen, J.(1990).The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment.Quarterly Journal of Economics,105,255-283.
3. Aleem, I.(1990).Imperfect Information, Screening, and the Costs of Informal Lending: A Study of a Rural Credit Market in Pakistan.The World Bank Economic Review,4(3),329-349.
4. Amiti, M.,Davis, D. R.(2012).Trade, Firms, and Wages: Theory and Evidence.The Review of Economic Studies,79(1),1-36.
5. Arkolakis, C., A. Costinot, and A. Rodriguez-Clare (2010), “Gains From Trade under Monopolistic Competition: A Simple Example with Translog Expenditure Functions and Pareto Distributions of Firm-Level Productivity,” Mimeo, Yale University.
6. Banerjee, A. V.(2003).Contracting Constraints, Credit Markets, and Economic Development.Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Eighth World Congress,Cambridge:
7. Barro, R. J.(2000).Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries.Journal of Economic Growth,5,5-32.
8. Behrman, J.,Birdsall, N.,Szekely, M.(2001).,Inter-American Development Bank.
9. Bellone, F.,Musso, P.,Warzynski, F.(2008).,Aarhus School of Business.
10. Bernard, A. B.,Jensen, J.(1997).Exporters, Skill Upgrading, and theWage Gap.Journal of International Economics,42(1-2),3-31.
11. Chen, N.,Imbs, J.,Scott, A.(2009).The Dynamics of Trade and Competition.Journal of International Economics,77,50-62.
12. Corless, R.,Gonnet, G.,Hare, D.,Jeffrey, D.,Knuth, D.(1996).On the Lambert W Function.Advances in Computational Mathematics,5,329-359.
13. Davis, D. R.,Harrigan, J.(2011).Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, and Trade Liberalization.Journal of International Economics,84(1),26-36.
14. Davis, S.(1992).Cross-Country Patterns of Changes in Relative Wages.NBER Macroeconomics Annual,7,239-292.
15. Desjounqueres, T.,Machin, S.,Van Reenen, J.(1999).Another Nail in the Coffin? Or Can the Trade Based Explanation of Changing Skill Structures Be Resurrected.Scandinavian Journal of Economics,101(4),533-554.
16. Dobson, S.,Ramlogan, C.(2009).Is There an Openness Kuznets Curve?.Kyklos,62,226-238.
17. Duryea, S.,Szekely, M.(2000).Labor Markets in Latin America: A Look at the Supply-Side.American Economic Review,1,199-228.
18. Egger, H.,Kreickemeier, U.(2012).Fairness, Trade, and Inequality.Journal of International Economics,86(2),184-196.
19. Egger, H.,Kreickemeier, U.(2009).Firm Heterogeneity and the Labor Market Effects of Trade Liberalization.International Economic Review,50(1),187-216.
20. Evans, D. S.,Jovanovic, B.(1989).An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints.The Journal of Political Economy,97(4),808-827.
21. Foellmi, R.,Oechslin, M.(2010).Market Imperfections,Wealth Inequality, and the Distribution of Trade Gains.Journal of International Economics,81(1),15-25.
22. Frias, J. A., D. S. Kaplan, and E. A. Verhoogen (2009), “Exports and Wage Premia: Evidence from Mexican Employer-Employee Data,” Mimeo, Columbia University.
23. Galor, O.,Zeira, J.(1993).Income Distribution and Macroeconomics.Review of Economic Studies,60,35-52.
24. Goldberg, P. K.,Pavcnik, N.(2007).Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries.Journal of Economic Literature,45,39-82.
25. Hanson, G. H. and A. Harrison (1994), “Trade Technology, and Wage Inequality: Evidence from Mexico,” Mimeo, University of Texas
26. Harrison, A.,McLaren, J.,McMillan, M.(2010).Recent Perspectives on Trade and Inequality.Annual Review of Economics,3,261-289.
27. Helpman, E.,Itskhoki, O.,Muendler, M.-A.,Redding, S. J.(2017).Trade and Inequality: From Theory to Estimation.Review of Economic Studies,84(1),357-405.
28. Helpman, E.,Itskhoki, O.,Redding, S.(2010).Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy.Econometrica,78(4),1239-1283.
29. Irfan,M.,Arif, G.M.,Ali, S. M.,Nazli, H.(1999).PIDE-Working PapersPIDE-Working Papers,未出版
30. Jalil, A.(2012).Modeling Income Inequality and Openness in the Framework of Kuznets Curve: New Evidence from China.Economic Modelling,29,309-315.
31. Kapstein, E.,Milanovic, B.(2001).Responding to Globalization: Social Policy in Emerging Market Economies.Global Social Policy,1(2),191-212.
32. Melitz, M. J.(2003).The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity.Econometrica,71(6),1695-1725.
33. Melitz, M. J.,Ottaviano, G. I. P.(2008).Market Size, Trade, and Productivity.Review of Economic Studies,75,295-316.
34. Menezes-Filho, N. A.,Muendler, M.-A.(2011).NBER Working PaperNBER Working Paper,未出版
35. OECD(1996).OECD Employment Outlook.Paris:OECD.
36. Robbins, D. (1995), “Trade, Trade Liberalization, and Inequality in Latin America and East Asia: Synthesis of Seven Country Studies,” Mimeo, Harvard Institute for International Development.
37. Shapiro, C.,Stiglitz, J. E.(1984).Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device.American Economic Review,74(3),433-444.