题名

Market Concentration and Licensing Royalty in an Asymmetric Oligopoly

并列篇名

異質寡占下之市場集中度與單位授權金

作者

許淑媖(Su-Ying Hsu)；羅竹平(Chu-Ping Lo)

关键词

Market concentration ； Licensing royalty ； Asymmetric firms ； Non-linear demand ； RAND ； 市場集中度 ； 單位授權金 ； 非對稱廠商 ； 非線性需求 ； RAND原則

期刊名称

經濟論文

卷期/出版年月

46卷4期（2018 / 12 / 01）

页次

637 - 670

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

This paper studies the interaction of market concentration and licensing royalty for an innovator following RAND terms under an asymmetric oligopoly in which the technology transfer takes place from the innovator to firms having asymmetric cost. Taking cost variance as a proxy to evaluate market concentration, this paper shows that the nexus of market concentration and licensing royalty is highly sensitive to the curvature of market demand. When market demand is concave (convex) to the origin, the nexus of market concentration and royalty rate is positive (negative), whereas in the case of linear demand the royalty is independent of market concentration. As a result, market concentration and market demand crucially affect the licensing royalty.
英文摘要

本文以一個非對稱的寡占模型來探討市場集中度與單位授權金的關係，在模型中，技術母廠遵循RAND原則以單位授權金及固定權利金的組合授權給在市場競爭的廠商。以成本變異作為市場集中度的代理變數下，本文研究表明當市場需求為線性時，單位授權金與市場集中度是獨立的；但是，當市場需求為凹向原點時，市場集中度與單位授權金呈現正向關係，即當市場集中度愈高時，單位授權金也會提升，但是此一正向關係在市場需求為凸向原點時會轉變成負向關係。因此，消費市場的需求情形對於單位授權金與市場集中度兩者之間的關係具有關鍵性影響。
主题分类 社會科學 > 經濟學
参考文献
  1. Chang, R.-Y.,Hwang, H.,Peng, C.-H.(2013).Technology Licensing inMultiple Markets.Academia Economic Papers,41,597-613.
    連結：
  2. Yang, C. H.,Tsou, M.W.(2016).Technological Regimes, R&D Agglomeration and R&D: Does Firm Size Matter?.Academia Economic Papers,44,35-62.
    連結：
  3. Acs, Z. J.,Audretsch, D. B.(1988).Innovation in Small and Large Firms: An Empirical Analysis.American Economic Review,78,678-690.
  4. Aguirre, I.,Cowan, S.,Vickers, J.(2010).Monopoly Price Discrimination and Demand Curvature.American Economic Review,100,1601-1615.
  5. Aumann, R. J.(ed.),Hart, S.(ed.)(1992).Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications.Amsterdam:North-Holland.
  6. Battersby, G. J.,Grimes, C. W.(2015).Licensing Royalty Rates: 2016 Edition.New York:Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
  7. Bergstrom, T.,Varian, H.(1985).When Are Nash Equilibria Independent of the Distribution of Agents' Characteristics.Review of Economic Studies,52,715-718.
  8. Boger, A. S.,Frankel, K. M.(2014).What Does 'Non-Discriminatory' Mean in RAND Licensing of Standard-Essential Patents?.LES Insights
  9. Brander, J.,Spencer, B.(1985).Export Subsidies and International Market Share Rivalry.Journal of International Economics,18,83-100.
  10. Cellini, R.(ed.),Lambertini, L.(ed.)(2008).The Economics of Innovation.Bingley:Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  11. Chang, R.-Y.,Hwang, H.,Peng, C.-H.(2016).Discriminatory vs. Uniform Tariffs with International Technology Licensing.Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics,23,268-277.
  12. Choi, J. P.(1995).Optimal Tariffs and the Choice of Technology Discriminatory Tariffs vs. the 'Most Favored Nation' Clause.Journal of International Economics,38,143-160.
  13. Collie, D.(1993).Strategic Trade Policy under Asymmetric Oligopoly.European Journal of Political Economy,9,275-280.
  14. Erutku, C.,Freire, A. Priegue,Richelle, Y.(2007).Licensing Innovations with Exclusive Contracts.Review of Industry Organization,31,261-273.
  15. Eswaran, M.(1994).Cross-Licensing of Competing Patents as a Facilitating Device.Canadian Journal of Economics,27,689-708.
  16. Eswaran, M.(1994).Licensees as Entry Barriers.Canadian Journal of Economics,27,673-688.
  17. Fauli-Oller, R.,Sandonis, J.(2002).Welfare Reducing Licensing.Games and Economic Behavior,41,192-205.
  18. Fosfuri, A.,Roca, E.(2004).Optimal Licensing Strategy: Royalty or Fixed-Fee?.International Journal of Business and Economics,3,13-19.
  19. Gresik, T.(2001).The Taxing Task of Taxing Transnationals.Journal of Economic Literature,39,800-838.
  20. Ishida, J.,Matsumura, T.,Matsushima, N.(2011).Market Competition, R&D and Firm Profits in Asymmetric Oligopoly.Journal of Industrial Economics,59,484-505.
  21. Kamien, M.,Tauman, Y.(1984).The Private Value of a Patent: A Game Theoretic Analysis.Journal of Economics, Supplement,4,93-118.
  22. Kamien, M.,Tauman, Y.(1986).Fees versus Royalties and the Private Value of a Patent.Quarterly Journal of Economics,101,471-491.
  23. Katz, M.,Shapiro, C.(1986).How to License Intangible Property.Quarterly Journal of Economics,101,567-589.
  24. Lee, S. H.,Quayes, S.(2005).When Is Licensing Better Facilitated? Global Evidence from the Telecom Sector.Global Economic Review: Perspectives on East Asian Economies and Industries,34,119-127.
  25. Lin, L.,Kulatilaka, N.(2006).Network Effects and Technology Licensing with Fixed Fee, Royalty, and Hybrid Contracts.Journal of Management Information Systems,23,91-118.
  26. Long, N. V.,Soubeyran, A.(1997).Cost Heterogeneity, Industry Concentration and Strategic Trade Policies.Journal of International Economics,43,207-220.
  27. Melitz, M.(2003).The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity.Econometrica,71,1695-1725.
  28. Mukherjee, A. and S. Mukherjee (2005), “Entry, Licensing and Welfare,” Discussion Paper, University of Nottingham.
  29. Nadiri, M. I.(1993).NBER Working PaperNBER Working Paper,未出版
  30. Neary, J. P.(1994).Cost Asymmetries in International Subsidy Games: Should Government Help Winners or Losers?.Journal of International Economics,37,197-218.
  31. Nielsen, S.,Raimondos-Moller, P.,Schjelderup, G.(2003).Formula Apportionment and Transfer Pricing under Oligopolistic Competition.Journal of Public Economic Theory,5,417-436.
  32. Norback, P.,Persson, L.(2004).Licensing and Foreign Competition.Journal of International Economics,62,409-416.
  33. Park, M.,Lee, S. W.,Choi, Y. J.(2011).Does Spectrum Auctioning Harm Consumers? Lessons from 3G Licensing.Information Economics and Policy,23,118-126.
  34. Peria, M. S. M.,Mody, A.(2004).How Foreign Participation and Market Concentration Impact Bank Spreads: Evidence from Latin America.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,36,511-537.
  35. Poddar, S.,Sinha, U. B.(2010).Patent Licensing from a High-Cost Firm to a Low-Cost Firm.Economic Record,86,384-395.
  36. Rockett, K.(1990).The Quality of Licensed Technology.International Journal of Industrial Organization,8,559-574.
  37. Rostocker, M.(1984).A Survey of Corporate Licensing.IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology,24,59-92.
  38. Sen, D.,Tauman, Y.(2007).General Licensing Schemes for a Cost-Reducing Innovation.Games and Economic Behavior,59,163-186.
  39. Silva, F.,Braga, M. J.,Garcia, J. C.(2015).Link between R&D Intensity and Market Concentration: Analysis of Brazilian Corn and Soybean Seed Markets.29th International Conference of Agricultural Economists
  40. Stavins, J.(2001).Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration.Review of Economics and Statistics,83,200-202.
  41. Swanson, D. G.,Baumol, W. J.(2005).Reasonable and Nondiscriminatory (RAND) Royalties, Standards Selection, and Control of Market Power.Antitrust Law Journal,73,1-58.
  42. Vernon, R.(1979).The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,41,255-267.
  43. Villalonga, B.(2000).Licensing and Efficiency: Differentiating Ownership Effects from Political, Organizational, and Dynamic Effects.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,42,43-74.
  44. Vishwasrao, S.(2007).Royalties vs. Fees: How Do Firms Pay for Foreign Technology?.International Journal of Industrial Organization,25,741-759.
  45. Wang, K. C. A.,Liang, W. J.,Chou, P. S.(2013).Patent Licensing under Cost Asymmetry among Firms.Economic Modelling,31,297-307.
print cancel