题名

衍生性金融商品、再保險與風險-以英國壽險業為例

并列篇名

DERIVATIVES, REINSURANCE AND RISK: EVIDENCE FROM THE UK LIFE INSURANCE INDUSTRY

作者

蕭景元(Ching-Yuan Hsiao);許永明(Yung-Ming Shiu)

关键词

衍生性金融商品 ; 再保險 ; 風險 ; Derivatives ; Reinsurance ; Risk

期刊名称

經濟論文

卷期/出版年月

47卷2期(2019 / 06 / 01)

页次

253 - 295

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本文藉由分析英國壽險公司自2005年至2012年的樣本資料,探討保險公司使用衍生性金融商品與再保險,對於其風險的影響。本文以股東權益報酬率標準差及半標準差,作為保險公司總風險及下方風險之指標。實證結果顯示衍生性金融商品的使用者有較低的風險,然而衍生性金融商品使用量卻與風險產生正相關,此結果可能表示持有過高的衍生性金融商品部位,反而有提高盈收波動及風險之虞。另一方面,再保險使用量比較高的公司,風險也較高,可能係因為保險公司透過再保險使用,使其得以承受比較高的核保風險。

英文摘要

Using a sample of UK life insurers from 2005 to 2012, we examine the effects of risk management instruments use on insurers' risk. In our work, we use the standard deviation and semi-deviation of returns on equity as the proxies for insurers' total risk and downside risk respectively. Results show that derivatives participants tend to have lower values in these risk measurements. However, insurers that use more derivatives have higher risk. One of the possible explanations is that the excessive amount of derivatives use could make insurers' income flows more volatile and thus increase insurers' risk. On the other hand, the volume of reinsurance usage is related to higher insurers' risk. This result may indicate that insurers use reinsurance to increase their capability to take higher underwriting risk.

主题分类 社會科學 > 經濟學
参考文献
  1. 劉憓諠, H.-H., 許永明, Y.-M., 王綺楓, C.-F.(2017)。利率衍生性商品、風險曝露水準與公司績效。經濟論文,45,351-383。
    連結:
  2. Adams, M.(1996).The Reinsurance Decision in Life Insurance Firms: An Empirical Test of the Risk-Bearing Hypothesis.Accounting and Finance,36,15-30.
  3. Adams, M.,Hardwick, P.,Zou, H.(2008).Reinsurance and Corporate Taxation in the United Kingdom Life Insurance Industry.Journal of Banking and Finance,32,101-115.
  4. Allayannis, G.,Ofek, E.(2001).Exchange Rate Exposure, Hedging and the Use of Foreign Currency Derivatives.Journal of International Money and Finance,20,273-296.
  5. Baranoff, E.,Sager, T.(2003).The Relations among Organizational and Distribution Forms and Capital and Asset Risk Structures in the Life Insurance Industry.Journal of Risk and Insurance,70,375-400.
  6. Baranoff, E.,Sager, T.(2002).The Relations among Asset Risk, Product Risk, and Capital in the Life Insurance Industry.Journal of Banking and Finance,26,1181-1197.
  7. Bartram, S. M.,Brown, G. W.,Conrad, J.(2011).The Effects of Derivatives on Firm Risk and Value.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,46(4),967-999.
  8. Bartram, S. M.,Brown, G. W.,Fehle, F. R.(2009).International Evidence on Financial Derivatives Usage.Financial Management,38,185-206.
  9. Basmann, R. L.(1960).On Finite Sample Distributions of Generalized Classical Linear Identifiability Test Statistics.Journal of the American Statistical Association,55,650-659.
  10. Boubakri, N.,Cosset, J.,Saffar, W.(2013).The Role of State and Foreign Owners in Corporate Risk-Taking: Evidence from Privatization.Journal of Financial Economics,108,641-658.
  11. Chen, Y.,Hamwi, I. S.,Hudson, T.(2001).The Effect of Ceded Reinsurance on Solvency of Primary Insurers.International Advances in Economic Research,7,65-82.
  12. Cole, C. R.,McCullough, K. A.(2006).A Reexamination of the Corporate Demand for Reinsurance.Journal of Risk and Insurance,73,169-192.
  13. Colquitt, L. L.,Hoyt, R. E.(1997).Determinants of Corporate Hedging Behavior: Evidence from the Life Insurance Industry.Journal of Risk and Insurance,64,649-671.
  14. Cummins, J. D.,Sommer, D. W.(1996).Capital and Risk in Property-Liability Insurance Markets.Journal of Banking and Finance,47,1069-1092.
  15. Doherty, N.,Smetters, K.(2005).Moral Hazard in Reinsurance Markets.Journal of Risk and Insurance,72,375-391.
  16. Downs, D. H.,Sommer, D. W.(1999).Monitoring, Ownership, and Risk-Taking: The Impact of Guaranty Funds.Journal of Risk and Insurance,66,477-497.
  17. Faccio, M.,Marchica, M.,Mura, R.(2011).Large Shareholder Diversification and Corporate Risk-Taking.Review of Financial Studies,24,3601-3641.
  18. Garven, J.,Tennant, J. L.(2003).The Demand for Reinsurance: Theory and Empirical Tests.Assurances,71(2),217-237.
  19. Graham, J.,Rogers, D.(2002).Do Firms Hedge in Response to Tax Incentives?.Journal of Finance,57(2),815-839.
  20. Guay, W.(1999).The Impact of Derivatives on Firm Risk: An Empirical Examination of New Derivative Users.Journal of Accounting and Economics,26,319-351.
  21. Hardwick, P.,Adams, M.(1999).The Determinants of Financial Derivatives Use in the United Kingdom Life Insurance Industry.Abacus,35,163-184.
  22. Hentschel, L.,Kothari, S. P.(2001).Are Corporations Reducing or Taking Risks with Derivatives.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,36,93-118.
  23. Hirtle, B. J.(1997).Derivatives, Portfolio Composition and Bank Holding Company Interest Rate Risk Exposure.Journal of Financial Services Research,12,243-266.
  24. Ho, C. L.,Lai, G. C.,Lee, J. P.(2013).Organizational Structure, Board Composition, and Risk Taking in the U.S. Property Casualty Insurance Industry.Journal of Risk and Insurance,80,169-203.
  25. Hoerger, T. J.,Sloan, F. A.,Hassan, M.(1990).Loss Volatility, Bankruptcy, and the Demand for Reinsurance.Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,3,221-245.
  26. Hong, S.,Bao, S.(2015).Guaranty Funds, Government Shareholding and Risk Taking: Evidence from China.Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice,40,653-677.
  27. Jaccard, J.,Wan, C. K.,Turrisi, R.(1990).The Detection and Interpretation of Interaction Effects between Continuous Variables in Multiple Regression.Multivariate Behavioral Research,25,467-478.
  28. Kader, H. A.,Adams, M.,Mouratidis, K.(2010).Testing for Trade-Off in the Reinsurance Decision of U.K. Life Insurance Firms.Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance,25,491-522.
  29. Koski, J. L.,Pontiff, J.(1999).How Are Derivatives Used? Evidence from the Mutual Fund Industry.Journal of Finance,54,791-816.
  30. Lamm-Tennant, J.,Starks, L. T.(1993).Stock versus Mutual Ownership Structures: The Risk Implication.Journal of Business,66,29-46.
  31. Lin, C.,Smith, S.(2007).Hedging, Financing and Investment Decisions: A Simultaneous Equations Framework.Financial Review,42,191-209.
  32. Mankaï, S.,Belgacem, A.(2016).Interactions between Risk Taking, Capital, and Reinsurance for Property-Liability Insurance Firms.Journal of Risk and Insurance,83,1007-1043.
  33. Mayers, D.,Smith, C. W.(1988).Ownership Structure across Lines of Property-Casualty Insurance.Journal of Law and Economics,31,351-378.
  34. Mayers, D.,Smith, C. W.(1990).On the Corporate Demand for Insurance: Evidence from the Reinsurance Market.Journal of Business,63,19-40.
  35. Mayers, D.,Smith, C. W.(1981).Contractual Provisions, Organizational Structure, and Conflict Control in Insurance Markets.Journal of Business,54,407-434.
  36. O’Brien, C.(2007).Working Paper, Nottingham University Business SchoolWorking Paper, Nottingham University Business School,Nottingham University Business School.
  37. Petersen, M. A.(2009).Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data Sets: Comparing Approaches.Review of Financial Studies,22,435-480.
  38. Philpott, J.(2012).FSA Insurance Returns.London:Ernst and Young LLP..
  39. Powell, L.,Sommer, D.(2007).Internal versus External Capital Markets in the Insurance Industry: The Role of Reinsurance.Journal of Financial Services Research,31,173-188.
  40. Roberts, M. R.,Whited, T. M.(2012).Simon School Working PaperSimon School Working Paper,未出版
  41. Saghi-Zedek, N.,Tarazi, A.(2014).Excess Control Rights, Financial Crisis and Bank Profitability and Risk.Journal of Banking and Finance,55,361-379.
  42. Sargan, J. D.(1958).The Estimation of Economic Relationships Using Instrumental Variables.Econometrica,26,393-415.
  43. Scordis, N.,Steinorth, P.(2012).Value from Hedging Risk with Reinsurance.Journal of Insurance Issues,35,210-231.
  44. Shiu, Y.(2007).An Empirical Investigation on Derivatives Usage: Evidence from the United Kingdom General Insurance Industry.Applied Economics Letters,14,353-360.
  45. Shiu, Y.(2016).Is Reinsurance a Substitute for or a Complement to Derivative Usage? Evidence from the U.K. Non-Life Insurance Industry.Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice,41,161-178.
  46. Shiu, Y.(2011).What Motivates Insurers to Use Derivatives: Evidence from the United Kingdom Life Insurance Industry.Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice,36,186-196.
  47. Shiu, Y.(2011).Reinsurance and Capital Structure: Evidence from the United Kingdom Non-Life Insurance Industry.Journal of Risk and Insurance,78,475-494.
  48. Shortridge, R. T.,Avila, S. M.(2004).The Impact of Institutional Ownership on the Reinsurance Decision.Risk Management and Insurance Review,7,93-106.
  49. Stock, J. H.,Watson, M. W.(2007).Introduction to Econometrics.New York:Pearson Addison Wesley.
  50. Swiss Reinsurance Company(2015).World Insurance in 2014: Back to Life.Sigma,4,1-44.
  51. Swiss Reinsurance Company(2013).The Essentials Guide to Reinsurance.
  52. Wooldridge, J. M.(2009).Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach.Mason, Ohio:South-Western Cengage Learning.
  53. Yong, H. H. A.,Faff, R.,Chalmers, K.(2009).Derivative Activities and Asia-Pacific Banks’ Interest Rate and Exchange Rate Exposures.Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money,19,16-32.